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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the need for affiliation?
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The desire to establish social contact with others. We are motivated to establish and maintain an optimum balance of social contact.
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What kind of misery loves company?
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Fearful misery loves company, but embarrassed misery seeks solitude. Misery specifically loves the company of those in the same crappy situation.
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Who are we most likely to become attracted to?
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someone who is close to us and with whom we are exposed to.
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Define proximity and exposure?
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being close to someone, and being exposed to that person.
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What is the best predictor of attraction?
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proximity.
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What is the mere exposure effect?
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The phenomenon whereby the more often people are exposed to a stimulus, the more positively they evaluate that stimulus.
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Describe attractiveness as objective?
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Babies distinguish between attractive and unattractive faces, but they have yet to obtain cultural awareness or social norms. We prefer symmetry, and “average” faces….that is, a combination of faces will be more attractive then an individuals. People across cultures also agree on what beautiful is.
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What are enhancements, and how are they subjective?
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can be anything from tattoos, hairstyles, face painting, body piercing, clothing style, etc. They are subjective because they are not attractive to everyone, and each culture/person has their favorites.
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Are body shapes objective or subjective, and why?
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body shapes are subjective, especially to a specific culture. For example, heavy women are more attractive in cultures where food is limited. White males find heavy women least attractive, black males do not discriminate.
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Have our standards in the US changed over time?
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yes, we have gone from Marilyn Monroe’s curves to Nicole richie’s heroin chic.
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Describe the what is beautiful is good, stereotype.
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the belief that physically attractive people possess good characteristics. Beautiful people make more money, get better jobs, have more friends, and get lighter sentences.
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Is the stereotype accurate?
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they do have more friends, better social skills, and a more active sex life…but attractiveness is not an objective measure of personality, integrity, adjustment, intelligence, or self esteem. IE Ted Bundy.
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Describe the two stage model of attraction
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essentially we first avoid those who are NOT like us, and then move towards people who are similar to us. Meet- avoid different ppl--look at rest --choose high similarity over low similarity.--continue contact.
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What is the matching hypothesis?
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The proposition that people are attracted to others who are similar in physical attractiveness. Matching in attractiveness is also predictive of long term progress and success.
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Describe reciprocity?
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we like those who like us. A mutual exchange between what we give and receive. It gives us balance.
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What are the gender differences in the evolutionary perspective of mate selection?
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Women must be highly selective b/c they are bio limited in the # of children they can have and raise in a lifetime. Men can father unlimited # of children, and ensure reproductive success by inseminating many women. Women prefer older men, men prefer younger women. Men prefer attractiveness, women prefer social status.
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Why do these differences exist according to the evolutionary theory?
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These exist because they ensure the most successful survival of their lineage, by way of healthy offspring, who survive to produce more offspring.
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Draw the social exchange theory Diagram
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Rewards – costs – Comparison level (CL) = SATISFACTION…Satisfaction – comparison level alt (CLalt) + investments = COMMITMENT
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What is Social Exchange Theory?
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a perspective that shows we seek a reward VS cost balance in relationships. We want more reward and less cost. Relationships that provide more rewards and fewer costs will be more satisfying and endure longer.
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What are the components to social exchange theory?
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-Rewards are things gained from the relationship, companionship, sex, love, stability, children, etc…Costs are things we put in, $, time, energy, conflict, compromise, etc. the Comparison level is your avg expectation in a relationship. The CL alt is what else is out there (a better man), investments are children, time, money, pets, house, etc. Satisfaction is how happy we are, and commitment is how likely we are to stay.
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How does someone decide to stay or leave with this model?
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one can use the math to estimate the satisfaction and commitment level. If the satisfaction is high and commitment is high, likely to stay, if both are low, likely to leave.
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What is sternberts triangular theory of love?
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– (top) Intimacy, (L pt) Passion, (R pt) Commitment. All of these things combine in different ways to make 8 subtypes of love.
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How do the components combine to form the 8 types?
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Commitment= empty love…intimacy = liking…passion=infatuation. Passion+intimacy=romantic love…Intimacy+commitment= companionate love…passion+commitment=fatuous love. All three are Consummate love, and the absence of all is NONLOVE.
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Difference between Companionate/passionate love?
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Passion is excitement, sometimes can misattribute physiological arousal to passionate love which is known as excitation transfer. Companionate is stable, with high self disclosure, less intense than passionate, found between close friends AND lovers.
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What kind of support is there for this?
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Rubin and hatfield agree, their findings are concurrent with this theory.
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How does Kitty Genovese tie into the bystander effect?
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Kitty was murdered on a sidewalk with over 30 witnesses and no one did anything to help. Among the reasons given was “I thought others had” The bystander effect is when the presence of others inhibits helping.
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What is the 5 step helping model?
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Notice something is happening…interpret events as an emergency…take responsibility for providing help…decide how to help…provide help.
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Steps 1-3 and factors that influence it?
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step one notice something is happening…distraction can keep me from noticing, time pressure and self concerns also…step two, interpret as emergency…are they hurt or just drunk? Ambiguous situations make it harder…pluralistic ignorance, everyone else seemed not to notice…and relation to victim. Step three…take responsibility to help…diffusion of responsibility, someone else must have dialed 911 already.
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What are steps 4/5 and influencing factors?
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step four…decide how to help, if they have lack of competence…”I don’t know what to do.” Step five, providing help…audience inhibition…stage fright…cost reward calculation…what if I do something wrong and he sues?
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When are we likely/unlikely to help in a good mood?
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when we want to feel good for helping, if we perceive rewards for helping, if we have positive thoughts about it…less likely…if it will ruin our mood, if cost is too high, if pos thoughts leads us to desire non helpful activities (party).
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When are we more/less likely to help in a bad mood?
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MORE…if we take responsibility for what caused our mood (guilty), we focus on others, we are made to think about personal values that promote helping. LESS..we blame others for mood, we become self focused, we made to think our personal values that do not promote helping.
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Define aggression:
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behavior intended to harm another individual
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Define instrumental aggression:
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inflicting harm in order to obtain something of value (hitman)
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Define emotional aggression:
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Inflicting harm for its own sake (killing a cheating spouse).
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Define violence:
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extreme acts of aggression (murder)
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Define Anger:
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strong feelings of displeasure in response to a perceived injury. (My father)
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Define Hostility:
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a negative, antagonistic attitude toward another person or group.
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ABCs of these? –
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Affect (feeling) is Anger…Behavior is violence…Cognitive (attitude/thought) is hostility.
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Who is more violent? Aggressive?
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Boys are more violent across cultures, both men and women are equally aggressive across culture.
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What kind of aggression do men / women have?
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boys are more overtly aggressive and violent, whereas girls are more indirectly/relationally aggressive (mean girls).
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Evolutionary reasons why genders differ?
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Males aggressive to achieve status (which brings mates), whereas females aggress to protect offspring.
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Effects of testosterone and serotonin on aggression?
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Theres a strong coorelation between testosterone/aggression but not causation…serotonin appears to restrain impulsive acts of aggression…low levels are associated with high aggression…boosting serotonin can dampen aggression
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Is aggression learned? Define positive and negative reinforcement
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aggression is strongly affected by learning. Positive reinforcement, aggression produces desired outcomes (hit kid for lunch $). Negative reinforcement, aggression prevents or stops undesirable outcome (hit kid to stop getting bullied).
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How does punishment decrease aggression? (three keys)
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When it: immediately follows aggressive behavior…is strong enough to deter the aggressor…is consistently applied and perceived as fair by aggressor.
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What are the downsides to punishment and aggression?
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typically children do not understand that there are certain times that hitting is ok, as in hitting them….its best to find a non aggressive punishment.
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What is social learning theory?
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The theory that behavior is learned through watching others as well as through rewards and punishment. (the BoBo doll experiment (1961). Males/females are rewarded differently, boys congratulated, girls punished. Continuity of aggression is less true of females than males.
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What is culture of honor (in aggression)? –
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a culture of honor emphasizes honor and status, especially for males, and aggression is used to protect the honor. It promotes violent behavior…also, honor killings.
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What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
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The idea that: frustration always elicits the motive to aggress, all aggression is caused by frustration.
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Is it supported by research? –
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frustration does not always produce aggressive inclinations, and there are other causes of aggression besides frustration…no it is not very supportive.
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What two factors influence aggression according to the arousal affect model?
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intensity of arousal, type of emotion produced by stimulus.
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Does exposure to TV violence increase aggressive behavior? Why/why not?
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Yes, because we are not only desensitized to the violence, but taught that it is acceptable, and part of every day life. We (especially children) learn from observing, that can be tv, in person, or anything else we see…which is another reason why crime begets crime, and hoods just keep producing criminals.
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Why isn’t nonviolent porn associated with increased aggression?
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porn in and of itself is sexually gratifying, not violent. It can increase aggression but only when restraints that ordinarily inhibit male to female aggression are reduced. Very little evidence as a causal link.
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Violent porn is associated with aggression, under what circumstances?
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If the porn is violent and there is a sexually aroused female victim.
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What factors are related to sexual aggression?
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men are more likely to engage in coercive behavior to get sex…alcohol consumption…attitudes towards rape and women.
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Gender differences in physical aggression?
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– partner abuse is a worldwide phenomenon…higher levels of wife to husband violence reported than husband to wife abuse…consequences of aggression between partners tend to be more damaging to women…violence caused by multiple factors.
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Gender differences in child abusers and those being abused?
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Est over 1 mil children are physically abused and over 150,000 are sexually abused. Most severe is inflicted by parents and caretakers. Boys suffer more than girls, mothers are more likely to abuse their children, girls suffer more sexual abuse than boys…fathers are more likely to sexually abuse their kids.
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Situational/socioculteral ways to reduce aggression?
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reduce stressors (frustration, discomfort, provocation), teach and model nonviolent responses, emphasize cooperation over competiveness, change cost reward payoffs.
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Reducing media effects?
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censorship? Education could be most effective, increase critical viewing skills
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Reducing intimate violence?
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sex ed programs that: emphasize desirability of being respectful and considerate, debunk rape myths, increase sensitivity. Provide family members with educational and employment opportunities to reduce family violence.
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