Social Psych Exam 2

Front 1

Social Learning Theory

Back 1

States that gender roles are driven by observation and imitation.

Front 2

Tell me about the Study with Doctors and Nurses

Back 2

When participants were shows pictures of male nurses and female doctors, they later remembered the roles as reversed (male doctors and female nurses); men were in the higher position.

Front 3

Explain Gender Stereotypes

Back 3

They are innate because they have persisted over time. They are often prescriptive rather than descriptive. In advertising, women are more often seen in the home or as subordinates, and men are seen more in professional roles.

Front 4

What are the Dangers of Stereotypes?

Back 4

They exaggerate differences between groups and minimize difference within groups. For example, boys are "masculine" and girls are "feminine," but this is not always the case.

Front 5

Talk about the Work Study
(Male-Female)

Back 5

Half of the men thought that they were working with another man; all the men were working with women. Work was split along gender lines in groups that were believed to be MF regardless of who was delegating the work. Groups that were believed to be MM had work split evenly even when women were delegating.

Front 6

What is conformity? Why and When do we do it?

Back 6

Conformity: A change in behavior or belief as the result of real or imagined group pressure

Why?: People conform because of a desire to be correct

When: We conform when groups are cohesive, when groups are larger, when there is public commitment involved, and when the rest of the group in unanimous.

Front 7

Compliance vs. Acceptance?

Back 7

Compliance: Publicly acting in accord with an explicit or implied request (while privately disagreeing)

Acceptance: Acting and behaving in accord with social pressures

Front 8

Studies Illustrating Conformity: Asch and Sherif

Back 8

Asch: Line test; group members answered incorrectly to pressure the participant to conform

Sherif: Group averages with the light in the dark room; groups over multiple trials came to have similar answers, even when individual answers were very different.

Front 9

Normative vs. Informational Social Influence

Back 9

Normative Social Influence: People conform due to a desire to be liked by the group

Informational Social Influence: People conform in order to be correct

Front 10

Talk about Milgram's Obedience Study

Back 10

Shock Experiment: People conformed with authority (the person running the experiment) and "administered" progressively more painful shocks when the "participant" answered questions incorrectly.

Front 11

What are the Two Routes to Persuasion? When should you use each?

Back 11

Central Route: Based in logic and focuses on the argument at hand.
Use with educated audiences and when there is time to analyze and explain the argument.
Peripheral Route: Use influential ques (like billboards)
Used in commercials and advertising to change attitudes for a short time.

Front 12

6 Principles of Persuasion

Back 12

Consistency Principle: Want to agree with current attitudes and beliefs
Reciprocity: What goes around comes around
Social Proof Principle: It's working for other people like you
Scarcity Principle: Limited time offer
Liking Principle: People comply to requests from friends
Authority Principle: More likely to comply to legitimate authority figures

Front 13

Foot-in-the-Door vs. Door-in-the-Face

Back 13

Foot-in-the-Door: People are more likely to comply to larger requests after they have already complied to smaller ones.

Door-in-the-Face: People are likely to comply with a request that has been talked down from a big one.

Front 14

Elements of Persuasion

Back 14

Source: The communicator (gender, reputation, knowledge, body language, presentation). Two aspects of favorability are credibility and likability.
Message: Repetition, primary and recency effects, one-sided and two-sided, and fear appeals
Audience: Should aim for personality (cognition) and age

Front 15

Cigarette Smoking and Fear Appeals

Back 15

Fear alone can change attitudes, but only for a short time. It is much more effective to scare and then to offer methods to change attitudes and benefits of it.

Front 16

Ways to Resist Persuasion

Back 16

Forewarning: Advance knowledge of persuasive attempts correlate to a lower chance of being persuaded
Selective Avoidance: Direct attention away from information that challenges your attitudes
Inoculation: Present weak attacks on existing attitudes; later, there will be an increased defense against future effects

Front 17

Define Group

Back 17

Group: Two or more people who interact and influence one another and who perceive one another as "us"

Front 18

Social Facilitation; Zajonc's Drive Theory

Back 18

Performance is enhanced or hindered depending on the tendencies of a person:

Enhanced: If the person is already good at the task and there are people around

Inhibited: If the person is NOT good at the task are there are people around

Front 19

Explanations of Arousal

Back 19

Evaluation Apprehension: Occurs when we think we are being judged on the task. Tendencies kick in.

Distraction-Conflict: Occurs when there is an audience; the conflict (task vs. audience) will enhance tendencies.

Mere Presence: States that when we're aware of others watching us, we're more alert. Biological phenomenon.

Front 20

Define Social Loafing; Why does it Occur?; How can we Reduce it?

Back 20

Social Loafing: The tendency to exert less effort when efforts are pooled toward a common goal

Occurs because when people are in a group, they think that other people are working on the same goal, so they don't have to work as hard.

Reduce by: including individual evaluations and by making the task at hand challenging

Front 21

Define De-Individuation; Why does it Occur?

Zimbardo Hood Study?

Back 21

De-Individuation: A loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension in group settings

Occurs because when people are in groups, they focus on the group as a whole, not just on themselves.

Study: Hooded/masked participants were more likely to administer higher shocks to a confederate because they were unidentifiable

Front 22

Define: Group Polarization; Why does it Occur?

Back 22

Group Polarization: Enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies when in a group

Occurs due to normative and informational social influence: people want to be liked, and they want to be correct, especially when in groups

Front 23

What are Characteristics of groupthink? How can it be Prevented?

Back 23

People tend to overestimate "might and right" - feelings of invulnerability and morality; people are close-minded and rationalize away anything that contradicts their goals

More likely to Happen when: groups are cohesive, when leaders are strong, and when members don't feel comfortable disagreeing with the leader.

Prevention: Leader should be impartial in decisions (at first), by breaking into subgroups, by bringing in outside experts, by assigning a "devil's advocate", and by having a second-chance meeting before implementation of the plan.