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203 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is breathing? |
Moving air into and out of lungs |
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What is External Respiration? |
Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide between air and lungs. (Occurs by diffusion) |
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What is circulation? |
The movement of dissolved gases by the blood to and from the body cells. |
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What is internal respiration? |
The exchange of Carbon dioxide and oxygen between blood and body cells (Occurs by diffusion) |
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What is cellular respiration? |
Nutrients are broken down and released n the mitochondria of cells. |
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What characteristics does the respiratory surface must have? |
->It must be thing walled so diffusion occurs rapidly ->It must be moist so that oxygen and carbon dioxide will dissolve ->It must be in contact with an environmental source of oxygen ->In most multiceullular organisms it must be in close contact with a transport system |
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What is diffusion? |
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an are of low concentration |
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What is osmosis? |
The diffusion of water |
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What is the nasal cavity's function? |
Filters, warms and moistens incoming air |
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What is the trachea's function? |
Carries air to the bronchi |
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What is the bronchi's function? |
Carries air to the lung |
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What is the bronchi ole's function? |
Carries air to alveoli |
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What is the alveoli's function? |
Allows oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and bloodstream |
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What is the diaphragm's function? |
Large muscle that controls the lungs |
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What is the difference between a normal lung tissue and a cancerous lung tissue? |
Normal is benign and cancerous is malignent |
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What percentage of all cancer patients who die, die from lung cancer? |
25% |
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Why has lung cancer percentages increased since 1930? |
Cigarettes |
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What are some functions of the skin? |
To keep germs and poisons out and organs in |
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Where do melonoma cancer cells come from? |
Usually moles |
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What causes a large role in causing cancers of the digestive system? |
Our diet |
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What is cancer? |
A mutated cell |
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Why do cancer cells behave the way they do? |
They don't 'listen' to chemical checks |
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What is a carcinogen? |
A chemical or agent in the environment that can alter cells as well |
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80% of cancers are caused by what factor? |
Factors present in the environment |
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What is a zygote? |
The original single cell my body multiplied from |
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How many blood cells die each day? |
1 trillion/day |
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What do cancerous tissue cells lose the ability to do? |
Regulate cell division |
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What does metastasized mean? |
Cells (cancer) move to different tissues in the body |
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What is a tumour? |
A collection of abnormal cells |
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What is the role of blood vessels around a tumour? |
To feed its appetite |
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What do cancer cells not do that allows them to spread all over the body? |
Cancer cells do not differentiate |
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How do cancer cells continue to grow and divide? |
Only if they have an adequate blood supply |
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Why is human DNA different than animals? |
We have differently packaged DNA |
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How many chromosomes do humans have? |
46 |
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How many chromosomes does a dog have? |
78 |
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How many chromosomes does a mouse have? |
40 |
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What is the chemical that is the exact same between any creature on this earth? |
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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What is DNA made up of? |
A series of chemicals called nitrogen bases |
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What are the four Nirtogen bases in DNA |
(A) Adenine (T) Thymine (C) Cytosine (G) Guanine |
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Can DNA replicate? |
YES |
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What are the three basic parts of the DNA molecule? |
1) Sugar 2) Phosphate 3) Nitrogen bases |
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On the DNA ladder, what are on the outside? |
Sugars and phosphates |
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What phase of Mitosis does the Nuclear membrane dissapear? |
Prophase |
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What cell organelle is considered the "powerhouse". This structure uses food materials and oxygen to produce energy for life activity. |
Mitochondria |
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What cell organelle is responsible for the production of proteins. |
Ribosomes |
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What cell organelle is involved in cell control. Where DNA is stored |
Nucleus |
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What cell organelle provides structure and support in plant cells? |
Cell wall |
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What cell organelle sorts and packages proteins and other materials that need to be shipped out of cell? |
Golgi apparatus |
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What cell organelle is structures that contain enzymes used to digest large molecules? |
Lysosomes |
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What cell organelle is a round structure in the nucleus that makes the material for the ribosomes? |
Nucleolus |
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What cell organelle is found in animal cells, and is used in the production of the cell? |
Centrioles |
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What are 3 types of microscopes? |
Fluorescence, TEM and SEM |
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What is Biology? |
The study of living things
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What are the 3 factors to the cell theory? |
1) All living things are composed of at least 1 cell 2) Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all organisms 3) All cells come from previously existing cells |
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What are 3 things an organism obtains from DNA? |
The ability to develope, gain structure and function |
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Where is DNA found? |
Within the nucleus |
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DNA in humans are in what form? |
Chromosomes |
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Which nitrogen bases pair up between A, C, G, T? |
A Pairs up with T G Pairs up with C |
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The center of chromosomes is called _______? |
centromere |
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What sections are DNA separated into? |
Genes |
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What are gene's job? |
Their job is to provide instructions for making proteins |
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How many cells do humans have in total? |
100 TRILLION |
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What is cytokinesis? |
The division of cytoplasm during mitosis |
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Dumbed down, what is cancer? |
A 'bug' in the software of your genes |
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What happens when the cell stops listening to chemical signals? |
Tumors |
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What is a mutation? |
A permanent change in a cell's DNA |
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How are mutations passed on to other cells? |
Mitosis |
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What are 5 ways to gain a mutation? |
1)Hereditary 2)Random 3)Environment 4)Chemical exposure 5)Viruses |
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What are the functions for epithelial tissue |
covers and protects body, organs and cavities
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What is the purpose of muscle tissue |
Contains sheets or bundles of muscle cells to produce movement |
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What is the connective tissue used for? |
Provides support and holds body together (bone, blood, fats) |
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What is an organ system?
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A number of organs working together to perform specific work in the body |
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What are the major organs in the digestive system
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Esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas
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What are the major organs of the circulatory system? |
Heart, blood vessels |
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What are the major organs of the respiratory system? |
Lungs, trachea, blood vessels |
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What are the four human tissues? |
Epithelia, muscle, nervous, connective? |
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What is mechanical digestion?
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No enzymes are necessary and no energy is realeased |
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What is chemical digestion?
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Digestive enzymes help split specific chemical bonds holding food molecules together |
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How long does the digestion process take in humans?
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24-33 hours |
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What is the function of salivary glands?
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-Creates saliva -Assists in chemical digestion and lubricates food |
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What is the function of the esophagus? |
Moves food to stomach by peristalsis |
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What is the function of the stomach?
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-Mechanical digestion and chemical digestion
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What is the function of the small intestine? |
-Complete chemical digestion and absorb nutrients
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What is the large intestine's function?
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Reabsorb water and minerals |
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What is the rectum's function?
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-Feces stored in rectum |
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What is the anus' function? |
-To release waste |
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Are the teeth important for physical or chemical digestion? |
Physical |
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How man teeth do humans have? |
32 |
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Where does chemical digestion begin?
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In your mouth-Saliva |
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What are some functions of saliva?
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-Wets and lubricates food -Causes food to stick together to form a food mass, a bolus |
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Does any digestion happen in the esophagus?
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No |
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What are the accessory digestive organs?
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Pancreas, liver, gall bladder |
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What shape is the stomach
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J shape |
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How many litres of food can your stomach hold? |
1.5 litres |
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What acid is mixed with food in the stomach? |
HCL, (Hydrochloric Acid) and Pepsin |
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What is the lining of the stomach covered in?
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Mucus |
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In the small intestine, what is the partially digested food called?
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Chyme |
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When do enzymes (bile) from the pancreas and liver occur?
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Duodenum |
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What does the pancreas produce?
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Hormones including insulin and glucagon |
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What does the liver produce? |
Bile, needed for digestion of fats
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What does the ileum and jejunum do? |
They absorb the rest of the nutrients
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What happens in the large intestine?
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-Absorbs vitamins B and K |
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What does villi do in the small intestine?
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Increases the surface area |
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Why is the right lung bigger?
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The left lung makes room for the heart |
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During cellular respiration, what is released?
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Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
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Where do we get oxygen from?
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Air |
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As you move away from your heart, do you vessels get bigger or smaller? |
Smaller |
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What connects arteries and veins?
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Capillaries
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How many times will your heart beat in your life?
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2 billion |
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What is the heart? |
A muscle |
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What is the biggest artery? |
Aorta |
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What structure moistens incoming air? |
Nasal cavities |
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What are the phases of mitosis? |
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase...(cytokinesis) |
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What happens in Interphase? |
-DNA in the form of chromatin -DNA has been replicated |
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What happens in prophase? |
-Nuclear membrane disappears -Nucleolus disappears -Spindle fibres are created -Chromatin turns into chromosomes -Centrioles move apart |
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What happens in the metaphase?
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-Spindle fibres connect to spindle fibres and centromeres -Chromosomes line up at the equator -Centrioles are located at the poles |
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What happens in anaphase?
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-Centromeres split -Spindle fibres pull chromatid towards centrioles |
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What happens in telophase?
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-Nucleolus reappears -Spindle fibres disappears -Chromatid turns into chromatin |
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What is cytokinesis?
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The splitting of cytoplasm in a cell. This is the final stage created 2 daughter cells |
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How many litres of blood does an average person have?
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5 litres |
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How many seconds does it take for blood to circulate through your whole body
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35-45 seconds
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What is the purpose of red blood cells
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To carry oxygen and carbon dioxide to cells |
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What is the function of white blood cells?
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-Helps defend against viruses |
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What is the function of Platelets (Plasma)?
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Helps with blood clotting
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What are the 3 plant tissues?
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Vascular Ground |
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What are the 3 organs in a plant?
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Roots Leaves |
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What is the cuticle? |
-Restricts gas |
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Where is the cuticle?
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In the leaves |
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What is the function of epidermal tissue?
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-Guard cells (gas exchange) |
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Where are root hairs?
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Little hairs on the root
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Where are guard cells located? |
Bottom of the leaf, regulating stoma` |
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What are the 3 types of ground tissues?
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Collenchyma (support) Sclerenchyma (support) (hardening agent) |
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What does the vascular tissue do?
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Transports materials from point A to point B
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Where are vascular tissues located?
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Vascular bundles |
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What does the vascular bundles contain?
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Phloem |
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What does the Xylem do?
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Transports water and dissolved minerals |
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What does the phloem do?
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Transports sugars in the form of sucrose |
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What are meristematic cells?
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Stem cells of plants
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What are meristematic cells in the roots responsible for?
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Elongating the root; deeper or wider undergound |
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What in the stem are responsible for the plant growing up?
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Terminal buds
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What are lateral buds responsible for?
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Developing new branches.
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What is a bud?
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A swelling of the stem that contains new tissues. |
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Where is the plant's most active growth? |
Inside the Terminal Buds
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What chemicals do plants release that controls cells below and behind them?
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Auxin
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Can plants get bacteria and viruses?
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Yes |
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What is a major difference between plant and animal cells in the state of a tumour?
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Plant 'galls' (tumours) do not spread to other tissues |
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Where does water flow through in the plant?
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Xylem |
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How does water move up the xylem?
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The xylem uses the pressure build up to push the water upwards
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What is adhesion?
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The ability of water to "stick together"
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What happens to the water when it reaches the leaves? |
-Some is used for photosynthesis -Some is lost in water vapour through stomata (transpiration) |
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What helps the water get 'pulled up' from the xylem?
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Transpiration
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What do roots in the ground help prevent in the environment?
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Erosion in the soil |
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What are the 2 main types of roots? |
-Fibrous roots |
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What are the characteristics of a tap root?
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-Cam access water that is deep into the ground -good for storage of food, water and minerals? |
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what are the characteristics of a fibrous root? |
-Better for prevention of erosion -Can absorb more water, quicker |
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What are the 5 major roles of roots? |
-Roots replace water lost by transpiration -Roots absorb water to maintain turgor pressure -Reabsorb minerals -Store sugars in form of starch |
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What is a root cap? |
A protective covering for the delicate meristematic tissues |
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What is the meristematic zone? |
A region of actively dividing unspecialized cells |
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What is the Elongation zone?
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When cells enlarge, pushing the root tip forward |
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What is the maturation zone?
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When the differentiated unspecialized cells develop into specialized cells |
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What do stems do?
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-Support -Transport water to leaves |
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What are the 2 stem tissues?
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-Herbaceous -Woody |
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What type of stems are herbaceous? |
Annual |
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What type of stems are woody?
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Perennial
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What are the 2 characteristics of herbaceous stems?
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-Must be planted every year |
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What are the characteristics of the Woody stem?
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-Generally hard and dark in colour -May live over 100 years |
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What do woody stems contain?
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Vascular bundles Vascular Cambium |
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What is vascular cambium?
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Cells accumulating on the inside to create layers (Between Xylem And Phloem)
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What do stomates do?
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Regulates the movement of water & gases into and out of the leaf through the epidermis
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What is mesophyll?
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The space in between the stomates |
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What are the 2 types of mesophyll? |
Palisade |
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What is the palisade mesophyll? |
-Tall -Tightly packed cells filled with chloroplasts |
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What is the spongy mesophyll? |
-Separated by large air spaces for storage of gases |
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What side of the animals in the lab was dorsal? |
The top, or back of the worm/frog |
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What side of the animals in the lab was ventral? |
The belly or underside of the worm/frog |
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What end is the anterior end of the worm? |
The end with the mouth |
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What end is the posterior end of the worm? |
The end with the anus |
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What is the bulge in the worm called? |
The clitellum |
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What is the dark line you can see on the worm's dorsal view before internal inspection? |
The dorsal vessel |
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How long is the dorsal vessel? |
The length of the worm |
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What is the function of the crop in the worm's digestive system? |
The storage of food before the digestion takes place |
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What is the order of the worm's digestive system? |
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Crop (Mechanical), Gizzard (Mechanical), intestine, anus |
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What type of feeder is the worm? |
Decomposers |
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Where are the sperm produced in the worm? |
Seminal Vesicles |
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What are the female reproductive organs called in the worm? |
Seminal Resepricals |
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Is the worm hermaphroditic? |
Yes |
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Do worms mate with eachother? |
Yes, to cross fertilize |
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What are the dark rings under the reproductive organs in the worm called? |
Aortic Arches |
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What do the Aortic Arches do? |
They make up the 'heart' of the worm |
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What are the tiny hairs in your nose called? |
Cilia |
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What is the flap called that controls where the food goes in the pharynx? |
Epiglottis |
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What is the 'voice box' called? |
The Larynx |
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What is the round structure behind the eyes of the frog? |
The tympanic membrane |
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What is the function of the tympanic membrane? |
To receive sounds |
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What is the main locomotive for frogs? |
Jumping |
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What type of feeder are frogs? (Herbivores. Carnivores or Omnivores?) |
Carnivores |
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What colour is the gall bladder in the frog? |
Green |
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Where is the gall bladder located in the frog? |
It's under one of the lobes of the liver, it's a very small green sac |
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Where are the lungs found in the frog? |
The lungs are found under each sides of the liver, they have similar colour to the liver but they have a spongy texture |
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What is the digestive process of the frog? |
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, large intestine, Cloaca |
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Where is the pancreas located in the frog? |
Attached to the stomach/small intestine and it looks like a white string |
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What is the chemical equation for Cellular respiration? |
C6H12O6 + O2 -> H2O + CO2 + Energy |
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What is the chemical equation for Photosynthesis? |
H2O + CO2 + Light Energy -> C6H12O6 + O2 |
