Grade 10 Biology Unit Test Review

Front 1

Who invented the first microscope? How many lenses did it have?

Back 1

Hans and Zacharias Janssen invented the first microscope. It consisted of two lens an ocular lens (eyepiece) and an objective lens

Front 2

Define compound microscope?

Back 2

A microscope that uses more than one lens to magnify objects.

Front 3

Name two things Robert Hooke was famous for

Back 3

-he made a homemade microscope that used three lenses

-he coined the term “cell” by observing thin slices of cork under a microscope, he thought it looked like prison cells

Front 4

What was Antoni van Leeuwenhoek famous for?

Back 4

He used a simple single-lens microscope like a magnifying glass to view different types of single cells.

Front 5

How do you calculate total magnification?

Back 5

Total Magnification = (ocular lens)(objective lens)

Front 6

What is spontaneous generation?

Back 6

The idea that life can emerge spontaneously from non-living matter?

Front 7

State the three points of cell theory

Back 7

- All living things are made up of one or more cells and the materials produced by these cells

- All life functions take place in cells, making them the smallest unit of life

- All cells are produced from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division

Front 8

Define contrast

Back 8

The ability to see the differences between structures due to differences in their capacity to absorb light.

Front 9

Define Resolution/resolving power

Back 9

The ability to distinguish between two structures that are very close together

Front 10

What is Fluorescence microscopy?

Back 10

A technique to localize substances in cells, by using the ability of those substances to fluoresce in the presence of ultraviolet light

Front 11

What is a confocal microscope?

Back 11

A confocal microscope uses light, laser beams and computers to produce 3D images from a combination of many perfectly-focused thin sections

Front 12

How does an electron microscope work?

Back 12

It uses a beam of electrons instead of a light wave and is able to produce images that provide fine detail. The image is formed by the absorption or scattering of the electron beam, because electron dense materials do not let electrons pass through.

Front 13

State the organization of life, including units of matter, from smallest to largest

Back 13

} = units of matter

] = units of life

Atoms}

Molecules }

Organelles }

Cells (basic unit of life)]

Tissues]

Organs]

Systems]

Organisms]

Front 14

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Back 14

Allows the transport if needed materials into the cell and waste materials out; protects the cell from its surroundings

Front 15

What is the function of the nucleus?

Back 15

Stores DNA

Coordinates all cell activities

Surrounded by nuclear envelope which has pores to slow the transport of materials

Front 16

What is the function of cytoplasm?

Back 16

Contains nutrients required by cell to carry on life processes

Organelles are suspended in it, allows them to move

Front 17

What is the function of a cell wall?

Back 17

Rigid frame that provides strength and support

Front 18

What is the function of centrioles?

Back 18

Helps with cell division in animal cells

Front 19

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Back 19

Converts the light energy into sugars that can be used by cells

Front 20

What are vacuoles and vesicles?

Back 20

Storage area for nutrients and water, vesicles are a smaller version of vacuoles

Front 21

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 21

It is a series of interconnected small tubes. It synthesizes, folds, modified and transports proteins

Front 22

What are ribosomes?

Back 22

Makes protein

Front 23

What are the two types of electron microscopes? Give a brief description of each of them

Back 23

- Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM) depends on a beam of electrons passes through a thin section of fixed and stained tissue, the electrons that pass through the specimen fall on a fluorescent screen or film and black and white photos are produced. It is hard to produce a 3D image from very thin sections. Also staining kills the specimen.

-Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) gives info on the surface features of a specimen.

Front 24

Plant cell

Back 24

Defend against invading bacteria, help removes damaged cell organelles. Contains digestive enzymes

Front 25

Animal cell

Back 25

Flat, dis-shaped sacs. Responsible for transporting, modifying, as packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.

Front 26

What is chromatin?

Back 26

DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid), it is the information for shape and function of the whole cell.

Chromatin is short for chromosomes.

Front 27

What is the function of centrioles?

Back 27

Helps with cell division in animal cells, and move chromosomes around during cell division

Front 28

Describe a phospholipid

Back 28

The top is the phosphate “head” , it is hydrophilic(water-loving). The bottom is called the fatty acid “tail”, it is hydrophobic(water-fearing)

Front 29

What is gene mapping?

Back 29

A technique used to locate the position of specific genes within the genetic makeup of an organism

Front 30

What does the structure of DNA allow it to do?

Back 30

It enables it to direct all other activities in a cell

Front 31

What is an open system?

Back 31

Is one that must interact with its environment to maintain its existence

Front 32

Plant cell

Back 32

Defend against invading bacteria, help removes damaged cell organelles. Contains digestive enzymes

Front 33

Animal cell

Back 33

Flat, dis-shaped sacs. Responsible for transporting, modifying, as packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.

Front 34

What are all the life processes of a cell?

Back 34

-intake of nutrients

-movement

-growth

-response to stimuli

-exchange of gases

-waste removal

-reproduction

Front 35

What are the characteristics of life?

Back 35

-must be made up of cells

-must be able to metabolize

-must react to stimuli

-must be able to adapt

-must be able to grow

-must maintain homeostasis

-must be able to reproduce

Front 36

Describe a phospholipid

Back 36

The top is the phosphate “head” , it is hydrophilic(water-loving). The bottom is called the fatty acid “tail”, it is hydrophobic(water-fearing)

Front 37

Explain the cell membrane aka Phospholipid bilayer

Back 37

It is responsible for cell communication, transport of materials, and receiving messages.

Proteins within the bilayer...

-some run through them

-some are attached outside

-some are attached inside

-some have sugars attached

Front 38

Explain the difference between Isotonic, Hypertonic and Hypotonic

Back 38

Hypertonic: concentration of solute is higher than compared solution

Hypotonic: concentration of solute is lower than compared solution

Isotonic: concentration of both solutions is equal

Front 39

Explain in which solutions a cell would be considered normal, shrinking, and bursting

Back 39

A cell is considered normal when it is in an isotonic solution

A cell is considered shrinking when it is a hypertonic solution, which cause it to release some of its water to equalize the amount of concentration in and out of the cell

A cell is considered bursting when it is in a hypotonic solution, which cause it to take in the water to balance the amount of concentration in and out of the cell

Front 40

What is facilitated diffusion? What kind of transport is it?

Back 40

Protein facilitators in a cell membrane help molecules move down a concentration gradient(specifically for molecules that are selectively not permeable but are necessary), it allows for charged particles and water soluble molecules to pass through

-channel proteins act as both an entrance and exit(kind of like a tunnel) through the cell

-carrier proteins act as a gateway (it opens at one end to let the molecules enter, then closes and opens on the other end it let it exit)

Front 41

Explain active transport

Back 41

Uses carrier proteins to pump molecules against the concentration gradient

-requires energy in the form of ATP

Front 42

What is the difference between Endocytosis and Exocytosis?

Back 42

Endocytosis: the transport of materials into the cell using vesicles (cell membrane folds around material on it surface to form a vesicles which it brings into the cell)

Exocytosis: the transport of materials out of the cell using vesicles(vesicles fuse to the cell membrane and merge to it, releasing its contents out of the cell

Front 43

What are membrane technologies?

Back 43

Industrial use of synthetics into mimic the action of membranes

Front 44

What are recognition proteins?

Back 44

Protein molecules protruding from cells that allow communication between cells, such as in sperm-egg recognition in a species

Front 45

What are receptor proteins?

Back 45

Specialized molecules on the surface of the cell to which messenger molecules on the surface of the cell can bind

Front 46

What are liposomes?

Back 46

Fluid-filled says surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer identical to the cell membrane of human cells; can be incorporated into living cells, and are used to transport medication into diseased cells without affecting normal cells, and to insert DNA in gene therapy

Front 47

Define Insulin

Back 47

A protein produced in the pancreas to regulate sugar levels

Front 48

State the particle model of matter

Back 48

1. All matter is made of particles

2. Particles are in constant motion

3. Particles are attracted to one another or bonded together

4. All particles have spaces between them

Front 49

Define hormone

Back 49

Chemical compound that travels from its production site in an organism to other sites where it produces an effect

Front 50

What is the difference between peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis?

Back 50

Both are based on the principals of diffusion and osmosis

Dialysis- rids the blood of wastes, toxins, and excess fluid produced by cells

Peritoneal Dialysis takes place inside the body while hemodialysis requires blood to be removed from the body then cleaned

Front 51

Define Reverse Osmosis

Back 51

The movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a high concentration to of solute to a low concentration of solute(hypertonic to hypotonic)

Front 52

Define Desalination

Back 52

The removal of salt from a solution

Front 53

Explain the Surface area to volume ratio

Back 53

Cells and organisms are designed to have the largest surface area to volume ratio, to maximize the amount of nutrients it can take in. If a cell becomes larger it’s volume increases. To maximize efficiency and promote survival, an organism must have a great SA to volume ratio(creates lots of opportunities for transport of substances to occur)

Front 54

What are the four major organic compounds that make up the structure of cells?

Back 54

Lipids(fats/oils), carbohydrates(sugars, starches, cellulose), protein(muscle fibre), and nucleic acid(DNA$

Front 55

What are the advantages and disadvantages of multicellular and unicellular organisms?

Back 55

Advantages:

-Size

-Division of labour

-Interdependence

Disadvantage:

/is one cell functions abnormally it could affect the entire organism

Front 56

Explain the connection between cells, tissues, organs and organ systems

Back 56

Cells performing the same function together form tissues, tissues contributing to the same function form organs, organs that work together to form the same function form organ systems

Front 57

What are the two types of organ systems in a plant? Give a brief description of each

Back 57

1. Root system:

-includes all tissues below ground

-takes in water and minerals

-transport of materials

2. Shoot system:

Includes all tissue located above ground

-stores food

-gas exchange

-photosynthesis(produces food)

Front 58

What are meristems?

Back 58

Plants increase their size from cell division in growth areas called meristems.

Front 59

What is the cytoskeleton?

Back 59

Network of fine protein fibres that supports cells that contain a nucleus.

Front 60

What are the three types of tissue in roots and shoot systems?

Back 60

Dermal tissue, ground tissue and vascular tissue

Front 61

What is dermal tissue?

Back 61

Epidermis(skin or outer layer)

-exchange matter and gas into and out of the plant

-protects the plant from disease

-Waxy cuticle: waxy substance that resists attack from microorganisms and reduces water loss

Front 62

What is ground tissue?

Back 62

-underneath the epidermis

-makes up majority of plant

-stem: provides strength

-roots: stores water and food

-leaves: photosynthesis

Front 63

What is vascular tissue?

Back 63

Responsible for transport of material

-xylem and phloem are bunched in vascular bundles

Front 64

What are the two types of tissue responsible for transportation of materials? Explain each of them

Back 64

1. Xylem Tissue:

-brings water and minerals from the roots to the leaves

-formed of dead cells creating a straw-like tube

2. Phloem Tissue:

-brings carbohydrates(stores food){sugars} and water (turgor pressure) from the leaves to the other parts of the plant

-sieve tube cells form the phloem. They have no nuclei, but they are connected to companion cells which direct their activity

Front 65

Give two examples of specialization in plants

Back 65

-Guard cells: cells that form small pores(stomata) in a leaf allowing gas exchange(dermal tissue)

-root hairs: hair-like projections that increase the surface area for water and mineral absorption

Front 66

What is photosynthesis?

Back 66

-process of converting solar energy into chemical energy(energy from the sun I stored in the bonds of carbohydrates{glucose-sugar})

-occurs in chloroplasts in plant cells

-reactants: CO2, H2O, light energy

-products:C6H12O6(glucose), O2

-chlorophyll is the pigment in chloroplasts that absorb light and makes the plant appear green

-photosynthesis occurs in in the presence of light

Front 67

What is Cellular respiration?

Back 67

-process of converting chemical energy in glucose into useable energy in the form of ATP

-occurs in the mitochondria of cells

-requires:C6H12O6, O2

-produces: CO2, H2O, energy(ATP)

*reverse of photosynthesis

Front 68

Why are stomata usually round on the underside of the leaf?

Back 68

Because as water evaporates it rises.

Front 69

Define turgor pressure

Back 69

Pressure exerted against a cell wall by the water that has entered the cell through osmosis

*imagine an inflated balloon with tape on the inside of one side

Front 70

Define concentration

Back 70

The amount of solute in a solution

Front 71

Explain the opening and closing of stomata

Back 71

Back (Definition)

(Opening of stomata) 1.) -sunlight stimulates guard cells to actively transport K+ ions into cell

-K+ ions concentration of guard cell increases(making the guard cell hypertonic to its surroundings)

(Opening of stomata) 2.) - inner surface of cell wall in guard cell is thicker than outer wall

-H20 moves into the guard cell by osmosis

-turgor pressure in guard cells increases, cells bulge outward, stomata open

(Closing of stomata) 3.) -when stomata are open, transpiration occurs

-when excess water is lost, guard cell stop active transport of K+, K+ ions diffuse out of cells(making guard cells hypotonic to surrounding cells)

(Closing Stomata) 4.) -H20 leaves guard cells by osmosis

-turgor pressure decreases, stomata close

Front 72

Define Transpiration

Back 72

Evaporation if water

Front 73

Describe the relationship between transportation and the sensitivity of stomata

Back 73

Transpiration can lead to the drying out of the plant

Front 74

What are lenticels?

Back 74

-pores found on stems

-create another pathway for gas exchange

Front 75

Why are stomata usually round on the underside of the leaf?

Back 75

Because as water evaporates it rises.

Front 76

What are vascular bundles?

Back 76

Provide leaf with water for transpiration and photosynthesis{xylem}

-removes sugar produced in photosynthesis and transports to other parts of the plant{phloem}

Hint 76

Bundles of xylem and phloem

Front 77

Explain the opening and closing of stomata

Back 77

Back (Definition)

(Opening of stomata) 1.) -sunlight stimulates guard cells to actively transport K+ ions into cell

-K+ ions concentration of guard cell increases(making the guard cell hypertonic to its surroundings)

(Opening of stomata) 2.) - inner surface of cell wall in guard cell is thicker than outer wall

-H20 moves into the guard cell by osmosis

-turgor pressure in guard cells increases, cells bulge outward, stomata open

(Closing of stomata) 3.) -when stomata are open, transpiration occurs

-when excess water is lost, guard cell stop active transport of K+, K+ ions diffuse out of cells(making guard cells hypotonic to surrounding cells)

(Closing Stomata) 4.) -H20 leaves guard cells by osmosis

-turgor pressure decreases, stomata close

Front 78

Define root pressure

Back 78

Active transport in the roots uptake minerals to give hypotonic environment

-water is drawn up into cells

-water can only be drawn up a few meters

Front 79

Define Transpiration Pull

Back 79

Evaporation if water through stomata and lenticels create a pull to draw the water up the xylem

-this happens in conjunction with adhesion, cohesion, and root pressure

Front 80

Describe how Transpiration and root pressure work together to transport water

Back 80

{Root Pressure} 1.) minerals in soil are actively transported into roots(roots become hypertonic)

2.) H2O is absorbed into roots by osmosis. Root pressure moves H2O up stem(a few meters)

{Transpiration Pull} 3.) H2O evaporates and exits lead through stomata

4.) As H2O exits by transpiration, H2O is pulled up the xylem. H2O is supported in xylem by adhesion, and pulled by cohesion.

Front 81

Define concentration gradient

Back 81

The difference in concentration between two areas

Front 82

Define Turgid, And Flaccid

Back 82

Turgid: firm; plant cells become turgid when water enters due to a hypotonic environment

Flaccid: drooping or inelastic due to lack of water

Front 83

What is plasmolysis?

Back 83

Shrinking of a plant cell due to hypertonic solution(causes wilting and drooping)

Front 84

Define source to sink

Back 84

Source: places where sugar is made(photosynthesis)(leaves)

Sink:places where sugars are needed(for growth, repair, respiration)

The phloem brings sugars from source to sink

*this is done by the pressure flow theory

Front 85

What is the pressure flow theory?

Back 85

1.) At leaf: companion cells use active transport to take in sugar molecules from all chloroplasts

2.) Water moves into sieve cells by osmosis due to hypotonic environment

3.) Water pressure inside the cells pushes water to other parts of the plant

Front 86

What is a stimulus?

Back 86

Something that causes a response

-plants respond to internal and external stimuli

-plants need water, CO2, and light for photosynthesis-they respond to accommodate these needs

Front 87

What is phototropism?

Back 87

It is a plants response to the stimulus of light

-stems exhibit positive phototropism(grows towards the light)-leaves-photosynthesis (leaves grow towards light for photosynthesis)

-roots show a weak negative phototropism(grows away from light)-water/minerals-away from sun(where H2O is round)

Front 88

What is Gravitropism?

Back 88

Earth’s gravitational force

•stems grow against gravity(negative gravitropism)

•roots grow towards gravitational force(positive gravitropism)

Front 89

What did Charles And Francis discover during their experiment?

Back 89

They discovered that the tip of the plant was responsible for the detection of light

Front 90

What is the area of elongation?

Back 90

Phototropic response created by elongation of cells on the side of the leaf facing away from the light

Front 91

What is Auxin?

Back 91

A chemical that moves from the tip(that allows communication)

Front 92

Define selectively permeable membrane

Back 92

A membrane that allows some particles to pass through but not all

Front 93

What is The Mechanism of Gravitropism?

Back 93

-plants rely on heavy starch particles in specialized cells as an indicator of gravity

-when the starch indicates the gravitational force, a growth response results

Front 94

What are other control mechanisms plants use?

Back 94

-plants attach to supports to aid growth(ex. Fence)

-flowering of plants at particular times is a response to the length of darkness the plant is exposed to

Front 95

Define control systems

Back 95

Systems within a plant that produce definite responses to specific stimuli

Front 96

What is passive transport?

Back 96

Movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration

*NO ENERGY IS REQUIRED

Front 97

What is active transport?

Back 97

Movement of substances from low concentration to high concentration

-moves against the concentration gradient

*REQUIRES ENERGY IN THE FORM OF ATP

Front 98

What is diffusion?

Back 98

The natural movement of particles down a concentration gradient (high to low)

-results in equilibrium

Front 99

Define osmosis

Back 99

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. It flows from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration(hypotonic to hypertonic)

Front 100

What is pressure difference?

Back 100

The difference in pressure between two areas that may cause movement of substances