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284 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
bones |
provide shape, support, protection, and the framework of the body. serve as a storage place for mineral salts, calcium, and phosphorus. play an important role in the formation of blood cells. provide areas for the attachment of skeletal muscles. help make movement possible. |
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cartilages |
form the major portion of the embryonic skeleton and part of the skeleton in adults. |
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ligaments |
connect the articular ends of bones, binding them together and facilitating or limiting motion. connect cartilage and other structures. serve to support or attach fascia or muscles. |
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flat bones |
ribs, scapula, parts of the pelvic girdle, bones of the skull. |
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long |
tibia femur, humerus, radius. |
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short |
carpal, tarsal |
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irregular |
vertebrae, ossicles of the ear. |
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sesamoid |
patella |
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sutural or wormian |
between the flat bones of the skull. |
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epiphysis |
the ends of a developing bone. |
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diaphysis |
the shaft of a long bone. |
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periosteum |
the membrane that forms the covering of bones except at their articular surfaces. |
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compact bone |
the dense, hard layer of bone tissue. |
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medullary canal |
a narrow space or cavity throughout the length of the diaphysis. |
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endosteum |
a tough, connective tissue membrane lining the medullary canal and containing the bone marrow. |
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cancellous or spongy bone |
the reticular tissue that makes up most of the volume of bone. |
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synarthrosis |
does not permit movement. the bones are in close contact with each other and there is no joint cavity an example is the cranial sutures |
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amphiarthrosis |
permits very slight movement. an example of this type of joint is the vertebrae. |
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diarthrosis |
allows free movement in a variety of directions. examples of this type of joint are the knee, hip, elbow, wrist, and foot. |
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condyle |
a rounded process that enters into the formation of a joint, articulation
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crest |
a ridge on a bone |
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fissure |
a slit-like opening between two bones. |
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foramen |
an opening in the bone for blood vessels, ligaments, and nerves. |
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fossa |
a shallow depression in or on a bone |
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head |
the rounded end of a bone |
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meatus |
a tube-like passage or canal. |
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process |
an enlargement or protrusion of a bone. |
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sinus |
an air cavity within vertain bones |
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spine |
a pointed, sharp, slender process. |
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sulcus |
a groove, furrow, depression, or fissure. |
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trochanter |
a very large process of the femur. |
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tubercle |
a small, rounded process. |
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tuberosity |
a large, rounded process. |
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abduction |
the process of moving a body part away from the middle. |
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adduction |
the process of moving a body part toward the middle.
|
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circumduction |
the process of moving a body part in a circular motion. |
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dorsiflexion |
the process of bending a body part backward. |
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eversion |
the process of turning outward. |
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extension |
the process of straightening a flexed limb. |
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flexion |
the process of bending a limb |
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inversion |
the process of turning inward |
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pronation |
the process of lying prone or face downward, also the process of turning the hand so the palm faces downward. |
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retraction |
the process of moving a body part backward |
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protraction |
the process of moving a body part forward. |
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rotation |
the process of moving a body part around a central axis. |
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supination |
the process of lying supine or face upward; also the process of turning the palm or foot upward. |
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vertebral column |
is composed of a series of separate bones (vertebrae) connected in such a way as to form four spinal curves. |
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curves of the spine |
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral. |
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cervical curve |
contains the first 7 vertebrae |
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thoracic curve |
consists of the next 12 vertebrae |
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lumbar curve |
consists of the next 5 vertebrae |
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sacral curve |
consists of sacrum and coccyx. |
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male pelvis |
shaped like a funnel, forming a narrower outlet than the female. it is heavier and stronger than the female pelvis; therefore, it is more suited for lifting and running. |
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female pelvis |
is shaped like a basin. it may be oval to round and it is wider than the male pelvis. the female pelvis is constructed to accommodate the fetus during pregnancy and to facilitate its downward passage through the pelvic cavity in childbirth. in general the female pelvis is broader and lighter than the male pelvis. |
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osteoporosis |
loss of bone mass. |
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acetabular |
the cup-shaped socket of the hipbone into which the thighbone fits. |
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achondroplasia |
a defect in the formation of cartilage at the epiphyses of long bones. |
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acroarthritis |
inflammation of the joints of the hands or feet. |
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acromion |
the projection of the spine of the scapula that forms the point of the shoulder and articulates with the clavicle |
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ankylosis |
a condition of stiffening of a joint. |
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arthralgia |
pain in a joint
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arthritis
|
inflammation of a joint |
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arthrocentesis |
surgical puncture of a joint for removal of fluid. |
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arthroplasty |
surgical repair of a joint. |
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arthroscope |
an instrument used to examine the interior of a joint. |
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bone marrow transplant |
the surgical process of transferring bone marrow from a donor to a patient. |
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bursa |
a small space between muscles, tendons, and bones that is lined with synovial membrane and contains a fluid, sunovia |
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bursitis |
inflammation of a bursa |
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calcaneal |
pertaining to the heel bone. |
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calcium |
a mineral that is essential for bone growth, teeth development, blood coagulation, and many other functions. |
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carpal |
pertaining to the wristbone. |
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carpal tunnel syndrome |
a condition caused by compression of the median nerve by the carpal ligament; symptoms: soreness, tenderness, weakness, pain, tingling and numbness at the wrist. |
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cartilage |
a specialized type of fibrous connective tissue present in adults, which forms the major portion of the embryonic skeleton. |
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cast |
a type of material, made of plaster of paris, sodium silicate, starch or dextrin used to immobilize a fractured bone, a dislocation, or a sprain. |
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chondral |
pertaining to cartilage. |
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chondrocostal |
pertaining to the rib cartilage. |
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clavicular |
pertaining to the clavicle |
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coccygeal |
pertaining to the coccyx |
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coccygodynia |
pain in the coccyx |
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collagen |
a fibrous insoluble protein found in the connective tissue, skin, ligaments, and cartilage. |
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connective |
that which connects or binds together. |
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costal |
pertaining to the rib |
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costosternal |
pertaining to a rib and the sternum |
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craniectomy |
surgical excision of a portion of the skull |
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craniotomy |
incision into the skull. |
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dactylic |
pertaining to the finger or toe. |
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dactylogram |
a fingerprint |
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dislocation |
the displacement of a bone from a joint |
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femoral |
pertaining to the femur; the thighbone. |
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fibular |
pertaining to the fibula |
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fixation |
the process of holding or fastening in a fixed position; making rigid, immobilizing. |
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flatfoot |
an abnormal flatness of the sole and arch of the foot; also known as pes planus. |
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genu valgum |
knock-knee |
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genu varum |
bowleg |
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gout |
a hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis; usually begins in the knee or foot but can affect any joint. |
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hallux |
the big or great toe |
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hammertoe |
an acquired flexion deformity of the interphalangeal joint. |
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humeral |
pertaining to the humerus. |
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hydrarthrosis. |
condition of fluid in a joint |
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iliac |
pertaining to the ilium. |
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iliosacral |
pertaining to the ilium and the sacrum |
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intercostal |
pertaining to between the ribs. |
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ischial |
pertaining to the ischium, hip. |
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ischialgia |
pain in the ischium, hip. |
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kyphosis |
humpback |
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laminectomy |
surgical excision of a vertebral posterior arch. |
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ligament |
a band of fibrous connective tissue that connects bones, cartilages, and other structures; also serves as a place for the attachment of fascia or muscle. |
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lordosis |
abnormal anterior curvature of the spine |
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lumbar |
pertaining to the loins. |
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lumbodynia |
pain in the loins |
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mandibular |
pertaining to the lower jaw. |
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maxillary |
pertaining to the upper jaw. |
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meniscus |
crescent-shaped interarticular fibrocartilage found in certain joints, especially the lateral and medial menisci (semilunar cartilages) of the knee joint. |
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metacarpal |
pertaining to the bones of the hand |
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metacapectomy |
surgical excision of one or more bones of the hand. |
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myelitis |
inflammation of the bone marrow. |
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myeloma |
a tumor of the bone marrow |
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myelopoiesis |
the formation of bone marrow |
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olecranal |
pertaining to the elbow |
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osteoarthritis |
inflammation of the bone and joint. |
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osteoblast |
a bone-forming cell. |
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osteocarcinoma |
a cancerous tumor of a bone; new growth of epithelial tissue. |
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osteochondritis |
inflammation of the bone and cartilage. |
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osteogenesis |
the formation of bone |
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osteomalacia |
softening of the bones |
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osteomyelitis |
inflammation of the bone marrow. |
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osteopenia |
lack of bone tissue. |
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osteoporosis |
a condition that results in reduction of bone mass. |
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osteosarcoma |
a malignant tumor of the bone; cancer arising from connective tissue. |
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osteotome |
an instrument used for cutting bone. |
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patellar |
pertaining to the patella |
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pedal |
pertaining to the foot. |
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periosteoedema |
swelling around a bone. |
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phalngeal |
pertaining to the bones of the fingers and toes |
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phosphorus |
a mineral that is essential in bone formation, muscle contraction, and many other functions. |
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polyarthritis |
inflammation of more than one joint. |
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rachigraph |
an instrument used to measure the curvature of the spine. |
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radial |
pertaining to the radius |
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radiograph |
an x-ray photograph of a body part |
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reduction |
the manipulative or surgical procedure used to correct a fracture or hernia |
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rheumatoid arthritis |
a chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities. |
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rickets |
a deficiency condition in children primarily caused by a lack of vitamin D; may also result from inadequate intake or excessive loss of calcium. |
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scapular |
pertaining to the shoulder blade |
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scoliosis |
a condition of lateral curvature of the spine. |
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spinal |
pertaining to the spine. |
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splint |
an appliance used for fixation, support, and rest of an injured body part. |
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spondylitis |
inflammation of one or more vertebrae |
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sprain |
twisting of a joint that causes pain and disability. |
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spur |
a sharp or pointed projection, as on a bone. |
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sternal |
pertaining to the sternum. |
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sternotomy |
surgical incision of the sternum |
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subclavicular |
pertaining to beneath the clavicle |
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subcostal |
pertaining to beneath the ribs |
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submaxilla |
the lower jaw or mandible |
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symphysis |
a growing together |
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tennis elbow |
a chronic condition characterized by pain caused by excessive pronation and supination activities of the forearm; usually caused by strain, as in plaing tennis. |
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tenonitis |
inflammation of a tendon |
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tibial |
pertaining to the tibia |
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traction |
the process of drawing or pulling on bones or muscles to relieve displacement and facilitate healing. |
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ulnar |
pertaining to the elbow. |
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ulnocarpal |
pertaining to the ulna side of the wrist. |
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vertebral |
pertaining to a vertebra |
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vertebrosternal |
pertaining to a vertebra and the sternum. |
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xiphoid |
resembling a sword. |
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closed or simple fracture |
fractures that do not involve a break in the skin; they are completely internal. |
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open or compound fracture |
fractures are more dangerous because the fracture projects through the skin and there is a possibility of infection or hemorrhage. |
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comminuted fracture |
shatter the affected part into a multitude of bony fragments. |
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transverse fracture |
break the shaft of a bone across its longitudinal axis |
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greenstick fracture |
usually occur in children whose long bones have not fully ossified; only one side of the shaft is broken and the other is bent. |
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spiral fracture |
spread along the length of a bone and are produced by twisting stresses. |
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Colles' fracture |
is often the result of reaching out to cushion a fall; there is a break in the distal portion of the radius |
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Pott's fracture |
occurs at the ankle and affects both bones of the lower leg (fibula and tibia). |
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compression fracture |
occur in vertebrae subjected to extreme stresses, as when one falls and lands on his/her bottom. |
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epiphyseal fracture |
usually occur where the matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes (cartilage cells) are dying; this type of fracture is seen in children. |
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risk factors for osteoporosis |
family history of osteoporosis, lack of exercise - especially weight-bearing exercise - which stimulates bone growth, thin - petite build, never been pregnant, early menopause (before 45), prone to fractures and loss of height in the past few years, avoided dairy products as a child, smoking, drinking alcoholic beverages, diet high in salt, caffeine, or fat, insufficient intake of vitamin D. |
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anti-inflammatory agents
|
relieve the swelling, tenderness, redness, and pain of inflammation. these agents may be classified as steroidal (corticosteroids) and nonsteroidal. |
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corticosteroids |
steroid substance with potent anti-inflammatory effects. |
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nonsteroidal (NSAIDS) |
agents that are used in the treatment of arthritis and related disorders. |
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disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) |
may influence the course of the disease progression; therefore, their introduction in early rheumatoid arthritis is recommended to limit irreversible joint damage. |
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COX-2 inhibitors |
cyclooxygenase (COX) is an enzyme involved in many aspects of normal cellular function and also in the inflammatory response. COX-2 is found in joints and other areas affected by inflammation, such as occurs with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. inhibition of COX-2 reduces the production of compounds associated with inflammation and pain. |
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antitumor necrosis factor (Anti-TNF) drugs |
these drugs have evolved out fo the biotechnology industry and seem to slow, if not halt altogether, the destruction of the joints by disrupting the activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a substance involved in the body's immune response |
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agents used to treat gout |
acute attacks of gout are treated with colchicine. once the acute attack of gout has been controlled, drug therapy to control hyperuricemia can be initiated. |
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agents used to prevent or treat postmenopausal osteoporosis |
include: fosamax and actonel. fosamax reduces the activity of the cells that cause bone loss and increases the amount of bone in most patients. actonel inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and modulates bone metabolism. to receive the clinical benefits of either of these drugs the patient must be informed and follow the prescribed drug regimen. |
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analgesics |
agents that relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness. they are classified as narcotic or non-narcotic. |
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arthrography |
a diagnostic examination of a joint (usually the knee) in which air and then a radiopaque contrast medium are injected into the joint space, x-rays are taken, and internal injuries of the meniscus, cartilage, and ligaments may be seen, if present. |
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arthroscopy |
the process of examining internal structures of a joint via an arthroscope; usually done after an arthrography and before joint surgery. |
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goniometry |
the measurement of joint movements and angles via a goniometer. |
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photon absorptiometry |
a bone scan that uses a low beam of radiation to measure bone-mineral density and bone loss in the lumbar vertebrae; useful in monitoring osteoporosis. |
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thermography |
the process of recording heat patterns of the body's surface; can be used to investigate the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. |
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x-ray |
the examination of bones by use of an electromagnetic wave of high energy produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a target in a vacuum tube; used to identify fractures and pathologic conditions of the bones and joints such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondylitis, and tumors. |
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alkaline phosphatase blood test |
a blood test to determine the level of alkaline phosphatase; increased in osteoblastic bone tumors, rickets, osteomalacia, and during fracture healing. |
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antinuclear antibodies (ANA) |
present in a variety of immunologic diseases; positive result may indicate rheumatoid arthritis. |
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calcium (Ca) blood test |
the calcium level of the blood may be increased in metastatic bone cancer, acute osteoporosis, prolonged immobilization, and during fracture healing; may be decreased in osteomalacia and rickets. |
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C-Reactive protein blood test |
positive result may indicate rheumatoid arthritis, acute inflammatory change, and widespread metastasis. |
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phosphorus (P) blood test |
phosphorus level of the blood may be increased in osteoporosis and fracture healing. |
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serum rheumatoid factor (RF) |
an immunoglobulin present in the serum of 50-95% of adults with rheumatoid arthritis. |
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uric acid blood test |
uric acid is increased in gout, arthritis, multiple myeloma, and rheumatism. |
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ACL |
anterior cruciate ligament |
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AP |
anteroposterior |
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BMD |
bone mineral density (test) |
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CDH |
congenital dislocation of hip. |
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C 1 |
cervical vertebra, first |
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C 2 |
cervical vertebra, second |
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C 3 |
cervical vertebra, third |
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Ca |
calcium |
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DJD |
degenerative joint disease |
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Fx |
fracture |
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JRA |
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis |
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jt |
joint |
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KJ |
knee jerk |
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L 1 |
lumbar vertebra, first |
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L 2 |
lumbar vertebra, second |
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L 3 |
lumbar vertebra, third |
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LAC |
long arm cast |
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lig |
ligament |
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LLC |
long leg cast |
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LLCC |
long leg cylinder cast |
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OA |
osteoarthritis |
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ORTHO |
orthopedics, orthopaedics |
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PCL |
posterior cruciate ligament |
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PEMFs |
pulsing electromagnetic fields |
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PWB |
partial weight bearing |
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RA |
rheumatoid arthritis |
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SAC |
short arm cast |
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SLC |
short leg cast |
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SPECT |
single photon emission computed tomography |
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T 1 |
thoracic vertebra, first |
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T 2 |
thoracic vertebra, second |
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T 3 |
thoracic vertebra, third |
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TMJ |
temporomandibular joint |
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Tx |
traction |
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acetabul (root) |
vinegar cup |
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chondro |
cartilage
|
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acr |
extremity, point |
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arthr |
joint |
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ankyl |
stiffening, crooked |
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burs |
a pouch |
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carp |
wrist |
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cartil |
gristle |
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cost |
rib |
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clavicul |
little key |
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coccyg |
tailbone |
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coll/a |
glue |
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connect |
to bind together |
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stern |
sternum |
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femor |
femur |
|
locate |
to place |
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dactyl |
finger or toe |
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crani/o |
skull |
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fixat |
fastened |
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humer |
humerous |
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hydr |
water
|
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ili/o |
illium |
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inter |
between |
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sacr |
sacrum |
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isch/i |
ischium, hip |
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kyph |
a hump |
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lamin |
lamina (thin plate) |
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lord |
bending |
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lumb |
loin |
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mandibul |
lower jawbone |
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maxill |
jawbone |
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menisc |
crescent |
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myel |
marrow |
|
olecran |
elbow |
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carcin |
cancer |
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-malacia |
softening |
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por |
a passage |
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patell |
knee cap |
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ped |
foot |
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phalang/e |
closely knit row |
|
phos |
light |
|
phor |
carrying |
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rach/i |
spine |
|
duct |
to lead |
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rheumat |
discharge |
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scapul |
shoulder blade |
|
scoli |
curvature |
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spin |
spine |
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spondyl |
vertebra |
|
tenon |
tendon |
|
tibi |
tibia |
|
uln |
elbow |
|
xiph |
sword |