Rice Medical Terminology Chapter 17 Oncology

Front 1

breast examination

Back 1

self-exams monthly; clinical every year.

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uterus (pap)

Back 2

yearly if problems; every three years if normal

Front 3

lung cancer prevention

Back 3

don't smoke cigarettes

Front 4

skin cancer prevention

Back 4

avoid excess sunlight.

Front 5

colon-rectum cancer prevention

Back 5

annual proctology exam after 40

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mouth cancer prevention

Back 6

exams regularly

Front 7

whole body cancer prevention

Back 7

annual general health exam.

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carcinomas

Back 8

the great majority of all cancers and are malignant tumors of epithelial tissues. they are named according to the type of epithelial cell in which the malignancy occurs or the primary site of the tumor.

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squamous carcinoma

Back 9

a cancer of the squamous epithelium.

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sarcomas

Back 10

less prevalent type of cancer that develops from embryonic cells of connective tissue such as muscle, fat, bone, and blood vessels. they are named by adding the suffix -oma (tumor) with the root sarc (flesh) to the word part that identifies the tissue of origin.

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osteosarcoma

Back 11

a cancer of the bone for example. osteo (CF), bone; sarc (R), flesh; and -oma (S), tumor.

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mixed cancers

Back 12

originate in cells capable of differentiating into epithelial or connective tissue or when malignancies occur concurrently in adjacent tissue types.

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other cancers

Back 13

leukemias, lymphomas, or melanomas

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grade I

Back 14

the most differentiated and the least malignant tumors. only a few cells are undergoing mitosis; however, some abnormality does exist.

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grade II

Back 15

moderately undifferentiated. more cells are undergoing mitosis, and the pattern is fairly irregular.

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grade III

Back 16

many cells are undifferentiated, and tissue origin may be difficult to recognize. many cells are undergoing mitosis.

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grade IV

Back 17

the least differentiated and a high degree of malignancy.

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neoplasms

Back 18

tumors, may be benign or malignant.

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benign tumors

Back 19

1. grow slowly
   
2. encapsulated
3. cells resemble the normal cells from which they arose
4. grow by expansion and cause pressure on surrounding tissue
5. remain localized
6. do not recur when surgically removed
7. tissue destruction is minimal
8. no cachexia
9. usually not a threat to life.

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malignant tumors

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1. grow rapidly
2. not encapsulated
3. cells undergo permanent change, abnormal rapid proliferation
4. invasive growth and metastasis
5. spread via the bloodstream
6. may recur when surgically removed if invasive growth has occurred
7. tissue destruction is extensive if invasive growth has occurred
8. cancer cachexia (extreme weakness, fatigue, wasting, malnutrition)
9. threat to life unless detected early and properly treated

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CAUTION

Back 21

• change in bowel or bladder habits
• a sore that does not heal
• unusual bleeding or discharge
• thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
• indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
• obvious change in a wart or mole
• nagging cough or hoarseness

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endoscopy

Back 22

provides the physician with a direct view of certain portions of the body.

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sigmoidoscopy

Back 23

the process of using a sigmoidoscope to examine the lower 10 inches of the large intestines.

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laryngoscopy

Back 24

the process of using a laryngoscope to examine the interior of the larynx.

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bronchoscopy

Back 25

the process of using a bronchoscope to examine the bronchi.

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gastroscopy

Back 26

the process of using a gastroscope to examine the interior of the stomach

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cystoscopy

Back 27

the process of using a cytoscope to examine the bladder

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colposcopy

Back 28

the process of using a colposcope to examine the cervix and vagina

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proctoscopy

Back 29

the process of using a proctoscope to examine the anus and rectum.

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colonoscopy

Back 30

the process of using a colonoscope to examine the colon.

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laparoscopy

Back 31

the process of using a laparoscope to examine the abdomen

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laboratory analysis

Back 32

plays a key role in detecting specific types of cancer.

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pap smear/test

Back 33

a cytologic screening test developed by Dr. George Papanicolaou and used to detect the presence of abnormal or cancerous cells from the cervix and vagina.

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fecal occult blood test

Back 34

a test used to detect occult (hidden) blood. this test may be used to check for cancer of the colon.

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sputum cytology test

Back 35

microscopic examination of sputum to detect abnormal or cancerous cells of the bronchi and lungs

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blood serum test

Back 36

analysis of blood serum provides useful information about certain proteins synthesized by cancer.

Front 37

Abbot lab's AFP-EIA test

Back 37

an immunoassay test that uses alpha-fetoprotein to mark tumor cells when testing for cancer of the testicles.

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bone marrow study

Back 38

a test used to detect abnormal bone marrow cells, which may indicate leukemia.

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urine assay tests

Back 39

tests providing useful information about catecholamines, which may indicate pheochromocytoma of the adrenal medulla.

Front 40

Gravlee jet washer

Back 40

a device developed by Dr. Clark Gravlee to check for endometrial abnormalities as surface cells of the uterine cavity are studied under a microscope

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biopsy

Back 41

the surgical removal of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination

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excisional biopsy

Back 42

surgical removal of a piece of tissue from the suspected body site

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incisional biopsy

Back 43

a surgical incision to remove a section or wedge of tissue from the suspected body site

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needle biopsy

Back 44

puncture of a tumor for the removal of a core of tissue though the lumen of the needle.

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cone biopsy

Back 45

removal of a cone of tissue from the uterine cervix

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sternal biopsy

Back 46

removal of a piece of bone marrow from the sternum

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endoscopic biopsy

Back 47

removal of a piece of tissue through an endoscope

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punch biopsy

Back 48

removal of a plug of tissue (epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue) from the skin.