Research Methods Final Exam

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Nonequivalent Group Design

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A research study in which the different groups of participants are formed under circumstances that do not permit the researcher to control the assignment of individuals to groups.

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What are 3 examples of Nonequivalent Group Designs?

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1)Differential Research design(non-ex)

2)The Posttest-only Nonequivalent Control Group Design (non-ex)

3)The Pretest-posttest Nonequivalent Control Group Design (Quasi-ex)

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Differential Research Design

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A research study that simply compares pre-existing groups. It uses a participant characteristic to automatically assign participants to groups.

O O

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Post test-only Nonequivalent Control Group Design

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A non-experimental design in which one group is observed (measured) after receiving a treatment, and a second, nonequivalent group is measured at the same time but receives no treatment

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Nonequivalent Control Group Design

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Uses pre-existing groups, one of which serves in the treatment condition and the other in the control condition (No random assignment)

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Pretest-Posttest Nonequivalent Control Group Design

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Compares two nonequivalent groups. One group is measured twice,once before a treatment is administered and once after. The other group is measured the same two times but does not receive any treatment

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Pre-Post Designs

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Quasi-experimental and nonexperimental designs consisting of a series of observations made over time. The goal is to evaluate the effect if an intervening treatment or event

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One-Group-Pretest-Posttest Design

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A nonexperimental design involving one measurement before treatment and one measurement after for a single group of participants

O X O

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Time-Series Design

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Requires a series of observations for each participant, before and after a treatment or event, represented as follows:

O O O X O O O

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Interrupted Time-Series Design

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A quasi-experimental research design consisting of a series of observations before and after an event. This event is not a treatment or experience created or manipulated by the researcher

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Single-Subject Design

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Experimental research designs that use the results from a single participant or subject to establish the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship

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Developmental Research Designs

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Non-experimental research designs used to examine the relationship between age and other variables

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What are the 2 types of developmental research designs?

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1)Cross-sectional developmental research design

2)Longitudinal development research design

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Cross-Sectional Developmental Research Design

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Uses different groups of individuals, each group representing a different age. The different groups are measured at one point in time and then compared

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Longitudinal Developmental Research Design

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Examines development by observing or measuring a group of cohorts over time

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Correlational Research Study

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2 or more variables are measured to obtain a set of scores for each individual. The measurements are then examined to identify any patterns of relationship that exist between the variables and to measure the strength of the relationship

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Correlation

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A statistical value that measures and describes the direction and degree of the relationship between 2 variables

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Linear Relationship

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In a graph showing the changing vales of two variables, a pattern in which the data points tend to cluster around a straight line. Evaluated using Pearson correlation

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Monotonic Relationship

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A consistently one-directional relationship between two variables. As one variable increases, the other also tends to increase or decrease. Evaluated with Spearman correlation

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Predictor Variable

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The variable which is used to explain or predict another variable

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Criterion Variable

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The variable being explained or predicted

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Regression

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A statistical technique used for predicting one variable from another. The statistical process of finding the linear equation that produces the most accurate predicted values for Y using predictor variable X

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Coefficient of Determination

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(r2) The squared value of a correlation that measures the percentage of variability in one variable, which is determined or predicted by its relationship with the other variable

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Statistical Significance of a Correlation

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[Where] the correlation in the sample is large enough that it is very unlikely to have been produced by random variation, but represents a real relationship in the population

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Multiple Regression

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A statistical technique used for studying multivariate relationships. The statistical process of finding the linear equation that produces the most accurate predicted values for Y using more than one predictor variable

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What are the 3 types of descriptive research designs?

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1)Observational research

2)Survey Research

3)Case study research

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Habituation

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Repeated exposure of participants to the observer's presence until it is no longer a novel stimulli

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What are the 3 methods of quantifying observations?

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1)Frequency method

2) Duration method

3)Interval method

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Frequency Method

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A technique for converting observations into numerical scores that involves counting the instances of each specific behavior that occurs during a fixed-time observation period

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Duration Method

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Technique for converting observations into numeric scores by recording how much time an individual spends engaged in a specific behavior during a fixed-time observation period

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Interval Method

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Technique for converting observations into numerical data by dividing the observation period into a series of intervals, recording whether or not a specific behavior occurs during each interval and then counting the number of intervals in which the behavior occured

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What are the 3 methods of sampling observations?

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1)Time-sampling

2)Event Sampling

3) Individual Sampling

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Time-Sampling

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A technique of behavioral observation that involves observing for one interval then pausing during the next interval to record all the observations (repeat)

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Event Sampling

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Involves observing and recording one specific event or behavior during the first interval, then shifting to a different event or behavior during the second interval (and so on)

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Individual Sampling

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Involves identifying one participant to be observed during the first interval, then shifting attention to a different individual for the second interval (and so on)

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Content Analysis

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Involves using the techniques of behavioral observation to measure the occurrence of specific events in literature, movies, television programs or similar media that present replicas of behaviors

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Non-Response Bias

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In survey research involving mailed surveys, individuals who return the survey are not usually representative of the entire group who received the surveyAr

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Archival Research

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Involves looking at historical records to measure behaviors or events that occurred in the past

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Behavior Categories

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Categories of behavior to be observed. A set of behavior categories and a list of exactly which behaviors count as examples of each are developed before observation begins

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What are the 3 types of observations?

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1)Naturalistic Observation

2) Participant Observation

3)Contrived Observation

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Naturalistc (Nonparticipant) Observation

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The researcher observes behavior in a natural setting as unobtrusively as possible

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Participant Observation

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The researcher engages in the same activities as the people being observed in order to observe and record their behavior

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Contrived (Structured) Observation

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Observation in settings arranged specifically to facilitate the occurrence of specific behaviors

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What are the 3 types of (survey) questions?

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1)Open-ended questions

2)Restricted questions

3)Rating scale questions

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Anchors

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On a rating scale question, the verbal labels that identify the opposite extremes and establish the end points of the scale

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Response Set

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On a rating scale question, a participant's tendency to answer all (or most) of the questions the same way

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Semantic Differential

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A type of rating scale question that presents pairs of bipolar adjectives and asks each participant to identify the location between the 2 adjectives that best describes a particular individual

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Idiographic Approach

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The study of individuals

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Nomothetic Approach

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The study of groups

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Case Study Design

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Involves in depth study and description of a single individual (or a very small group).