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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the unscientific Methods?
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Tenacity, intuition, authority, rational, empirical
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Describe Problem ID
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research question, independent and dependent variables
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Desribe how to gather, analyze and interpret data.
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Gather - Internal and External Validity
Internal - how true are the results, control of external influence External - inference to outside world Analyze and Interpret - stats (descriptive, correlation, inferentail), support or reject hypothesis, compare to literature, intergration into theory |
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what are the 5 characteristics of the scientific method?
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systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, replicable
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Describe Postpositivism
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determination, reductionism, empirical observation and measurement, theory verification
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Describe Constructivism
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Understanding, multiple participant meanings, social and historical construction, theory generation, inductive and/or deductive
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Describe advocacy/participatory
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political, empowerment issue-oriented, collaborative, change oriented
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Describe pragmatism
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consequences of actions, problem-centered, pluralistic, real-world practice oriented
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What is Critical Theory?
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empowering humans to overcome constraints
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List strategies of inquiry of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research.
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quantitative - experimental and non-experimental
qualitative - narratives, phenomenologies, ethnographies, grounded theory, case studies Mixed Methods - Sequential Concurrent, Transformative |
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Basic vs. Applied Research
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Basic - discover new knowledge and development of theory
Applied - solution to immediate practical problem |
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Ethical Issues to anticipate in Data Collection (name 5)
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do not put participants at risk, gain access to sites, address issues of confidentiality, respect vulnerable populations, obtain informed consent from participants, obtain IRB approvals
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Ethics of Authorship
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only one important author, data collectors are not authors, major professor is a co-author,
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Copyright Ethics
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journals retain copyright, books give copyright to the author, copyright is assumed granted in educational settings
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Examples of internally imposed Sanctions
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freeze/reduce/lose job, loss of institution money and privieges, faculty are responsible for students
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Examples of Externally imposed sanctions
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revocation of prior publications, release of information to agencies, professions, referral to legal system for further actions
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Necessities of Informed Consent
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protection of subject, explanations of procedures, risks and benefits, free to withdraw at any time
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Animal subject
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may be incapacitated or sacrificed
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IRB?
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Institutional review board - national research act (1974), safety regulations for human subjects, policy went into effect (1991)
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Describe the Human Subject Violation in the Tuskegee Study
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wouldn't treat syphillis victims with penicillin and this lead to death and congenital contraction
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Terminology For Sampling: define N and n
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N= number of cases in the sampling frame
n= number of cases in the sample |
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What is a simple random sample and what is its objective?
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it is a subset of individuals chosen randomly from a general population
its objective is to select "n" units out of "N" such that each number of "N" has an equal chance of being selected |
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What is stratified random sampling?
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dividing your population into homogeneous subgroups and taking and then taking a simple random sample from each subgroup
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What is systematic random sampling?
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divide n/N to get interval size (k) and then randomly select an integer between 1 to k and take every kth unit
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What is Cluster random sampling?
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divide population into clusters, randomly sample clusters and measure all units within sampled clusters
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What must be considered for equipment (instrumentation)?
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validity and reliability, model of instrument, city and state of make, manufacturers name
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What is a pilot study?
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a good one is worth 1000 hours
try and fail - learn from mistakes discover problems check equipment |
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In research diagrams what does "x" and "o" represent
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x - exposure, effects are measured
o - observation or measure recorded using an instrument |
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What are threats to validity in a quantitative study?
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Internal - changes to instruments, participants noticing placebo effect, maturation of participants
External - inaccurate inferences, drawing conclusions beyond sample, limited power to detect results, inadequate measure |
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What is the difference between a quasi experiment and a true experiment
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participants aren't randomly assigned in a quasi experiment
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Goals of qualitative research?
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understand experiences, develop understanding/meaning - exploratory research, variables unknown
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Narrative
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study of an individual's experiences as told to the researcher
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Phenomenology
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describes the meaning of the lived experiences for individuals about a phenomenon
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grounded theory
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generate a theory that is closely related to the context of the phenomenon being studied
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ethnography
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a descripition and interpretation of a cultural or social group or system involving prolonged observation
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case study
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exploration of a case over time with in-depth data collection
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types of interviews?
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conversational, semi-structured, structured
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types of qualitative data?
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observation, interviews, audio-visual, field notes, documents
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What are the three defining attributes of Participatory action research?
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shared ownership, community-based analysis of social problems, orientation towards action
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what are the 5 phases of the PAR process?
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building the picture, data gathering, data analysis, communication, act - resolution of research problem, plan action at various levels
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what is central tendency?
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a single score taht represents all scores for a group of individuals?
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what is the mean?
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most common measure of central tendency, the average, sum of all scores divided by the number of scores
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What is the median?
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the number occurring at the midpoint of the series
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what is the mode?
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the most frequently occurring number
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what is on the y vs. x graph of the normal distribution?
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frequency of scores vs. scores on variables of interest
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types of symmetry?
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negatively skewed - max to the right Mean<median<mode, normal, positively skewed mean>median>mode
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types of amplitude?
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playkurtic, normal and leptokurtic (higher)
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Describe variance
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spread of scores based on the squared deviation of each score from the mean, can't be negative, noted as s^2, very stable because it takes every score into account
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What is standard Deviation?
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indication of the variablity of scores from the mean, size gives a sense of the curve, square root of variance, "s"
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what is the standard error of the mean?
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the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean
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what are the 2 kinds of t-tests?
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independent samples, and correlated/dependent
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Describe independent sample t-tests
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each sample has N-1 degrees of freedom, the sampling distribution is the differences between sample means, there is a standard error, eg. gender differences on %body fat
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what is simple analysis of variance?
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determines whether significant differences exist among the means of 3 or more sets of independent data
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what is wrong with using multiple t-test?
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accumulation of the error rate, require more time and effort, should used ANOVA
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what is ANOVA called analysis of variance?
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partitions of total variance into components, and compares variability with groups and between groups
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What is the difference between one-way and two-way anovas/t-tests?
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one-way - tests a direction, e.g testing alt. hypothesis
two-way - doesn't test direction, allows you to test for either approach |
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What is correlation?
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it measures the strength of the relationship between two variables (bivariate)
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what are the variables X and Y referred to as?
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X - predictor variable
Y - criterion variable |
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what is the pearson product-moment correlation?
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assumes X and Y are normally distributed and are interval or ratio scale scores, it describes the strength of the linear relationship between two variables
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what is the spearman rank-order correlation?
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used for ordinal scale data, or interval or ratio scale data that deviate substantially from normality
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what is the difference positive and negative correlation?
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positive - variables linearly increase
negative - inverse relationship |
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what is pearson "r" independent of?
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number of scores, size of scores, dispersion of scores
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How to determine significance.
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must determine degrees of freedom - Npairs - 2, Npairs - number of pairs of xy scores,
probability |
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what does p value mean
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represents probability that the finding represents a value that is not random by chance
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homeoscedasticity
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strenght of relationship between X and Y should be similar from one range of X to another
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What can outliers do to correlations
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inflate or deflate them
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what is truncated variance?
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restricting the range of either or both variables, so the degree to which the variables can covary is restricted
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what does r^2 represent?
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the coefficient of determination - the shared variance between variables which can be compared with other r^2 scores as ratios
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what is R and when do you use it?
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it is regression and you use it when you want to predict something
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what does the standard error of estimate do
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it quantifies the error that is likely to be made by predicting one variable from another
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relationship between reliability and validity
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a test can be reliable without being valid, but to be valid it must be reliable
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Describe reliability
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the degree to which a test provides a consistent measure of a variable and to which repeated measurments of the same variable are reproducible under the same conditions
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equation for observed score?
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true score + error score
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How to calculate reliabilty
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proportion of observed score variance that is true score variance, usually want r greater than or equal to 0.8
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what are the two types of reliability?
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Interclass - consistency across measurement types, based on pearson correlations
Intraclass - consistency among items (cronbach's alpha coefficient) |
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Types of interclass reliability.
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test-retest - the extent to which the same test yields the same results
equivalence - exact same questionnaire split-half - change the order of questions |
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what is the standard error of measurement?
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the degree to which an observed score fluctuates as a result of errors of measurement
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What is Objectivity?
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the degree to which different observers assign the same score, accuracy in a scoring test, aka interrater reliability, usually quantified with correlation coefficients
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What are the two types of objectivity?
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Intrajudge - consistency in scoring when a test user scores the same test two or more times
Interjudge - consistency between two or more independent judgements of the same performance |
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What is Validity?
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the degree to which a test measures what it was designed to measure
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What are the types of validity?
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content, criterion - predictive and concurrent, construct - concurrent and discriminant
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Describe Content Validity
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the degree to which the sample of items on a test are representative of some defined domain of content
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Describe Criterion Validity
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a comparison of test's scores with those obtained by direct measure or gold standard measure - statisitcal validity is generally looking for a correlation of at least 0.8
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Describe concurrent validity
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comparison of a test with a criterion measure at the same point in time
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Describe Predicitve Validity
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predicition of a future result by the alternate measure assessed earlier, tests must be highly correlated, prediction of the criterion measure is given by the SEE (also for concurrent)
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Describe Construct Validity
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measure demonstrating what you expect with other measures (used interchangeably with content validity)
concurrent - two variables related discriminant - don't want to see significant correlation |
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association between self-perception discrepancies, PA and affect in young adults
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Purpose - test higgins theory of self-discrepancy that relates self perception to affect
Findings - significant - physical self discrepancy associated to PA and affect in young females - insignificant - physical self perception discrepancy associated to negative affect, all 3 insignificant for males Discussion - positive correlation for negative affect in males |
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effects of EE on sleep and concentration
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purpose - examine whether PA is a moderating variable b/w sleep quality and concentration levels
Findings - PA levels significantly higher for those with good quality of sleep, levels of concentration were higher for those with good quality sleep yet insignificant Discussion - PA does not predict or moderate between sleep quality and concentration |
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examining significant others' influences on motivation and physical activity
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purpose - examine stuctural relationships b/w sig. others influences (best friends and parents), motivation (Relative autonomy index) and PA (# of days >45 mins)
hypotheses - motivation and sig others influences will correlate with PA, motivation will mediate effects of sig others influences on PA Findings - sig others influence did not correlate with motivation, therefore motivation not a mediator, parent and motivation effect was significant (.01) but best friend was less (.1) Discussion - results contrary to SDT, yet support sig others previous findings |
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Parental Pressure
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purpose - understand influence of parental pressure on a Canadian elite athlete's development in their sport
Results - 6-positive pressure, 1-negative pressure, father occupied more athletically oriented involvement, mother occupied an emotional support for other aspects of life Discussion - most support was given at a younger age, only pressure was put on themselves, more of a long-term effect, NEGATIVE - lost interest for sport due to too much pressure, long-term effect- quit |
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Beliefs about Obesity among Kinesiology Students
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Purpose - examine relationship between attitudes towards obese people while controlling for BMI, gender and SES
Hypotheses - Individuals with high BMI will have lower fat stereotype, opposite for those with high SES Results - P values for SES misleading, BMI showed almost no correlation, differences in total scores between genders were small and insignificant |
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The effect of physical activity on sleep quality
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purpose - test theory that PA enhances sleep quality by reducing sleep disorders in both males and females
Results - positive correlation for sleep quality and PA for females and not males, females have better sleep quality than males, meeting guidelines may be insignificant |
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Goal adjustment ability affect on person's competence in exercise adherence
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Purpose - test relationship between goal adjustment ability and competence in exercise adherence
Hypothesis - positive relationship b/w goal adjustment and exercise adherence Results - small positive correlation, subjects scored relatively high in both measures Discussion - interpolating data - lesser ability to adjust goals leads to lesser exercise adherence |
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Effect of PA on affect
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Purpose - test theory that a relationship exists between PA and aspect with respect to gender and PA intensity levels
Results - sig correlations with positive affect in increasing levels of total PA and female PA, sig negative correlations for sedentary activity in males, and negative affect with increasing levels of sedentary activity in total and male, sig correlation with positive affect and increasing strenuous activity Discussion - strenuous activities produce a significant change in modd but not at other PA intensities, endorphin, monamine, improved sleep hypotheses |
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Fear of Negative Evaluation as a predictor of PA
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purpose - test hypervigilance-avoidance theory to determine whether an individual's FNE, mediated by BMI, predicts frequency and duration of mild, moderate and strenuous PA
Hypothesis - female have higher FNE, and FNE would result in decrease in moderate and vigorous activity levels (not mild) Results - no sig difference between FNE for males and females, BMI had no mediating effect, FNE was not a significant predictor for any intensity of PA, hypothesized direction was correct |
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Relationship of PA to sleep, alcohol consumption and eating behaviours (fruits/veggies)
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Purpose - test relationship between PA and selected lifestyle behaviours controlling for education level and age
Results - food - weak positive relationsip, consumption less than recommended. sleep - weak positive relationship for sleep length and refreshing sleep, alcohol - very weak positive relationship as most literature showed |
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Association with attitude towards obese people and perfectionism in physical self perception
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Purpose - test relationship b/w perfectionism or attitudes towards obese people to physical self perceptions
Hypothesis - both perfectionism and attitudes towards obese persons will have a significant impact on physical self perceptions with sig differences b/w males and females Results - positive correlation b/w physical self perceptions and perfectionism, attitudes towards obese people have a small negative correlation with physical slef-perception, only thing ATOP was significant for was appearance, no significant gender differences |
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the effect of PA on the refreshment and amount of sleep in male and female
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purpose - determine if amount of weekly PA effects the self-reported refreshment and amount of sleep and if results differ amongst sexes and different intensities
Results - no correlation b/w sleep and PA, fmale correlations were stronger, no correlation found between different PA intensities and sleep quality as well for sleep length - both are supported by previous studies |
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An assessment of Motivation as a contributing factor to PA levels
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purpose - test SDT by comparing the level of motivation in males and females to PA levels controlling for gender and age
Results - moderate positive correlation between motivation level and PA for males and females, no significant finding that motivational level can predict PA levels in males and females Discussion - both genders show higher levels of PA when motivated intrinsically, participating in enjoyable activities can enhance intrinsic motivation |
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my project
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purpose - examine relationship between parental influences and PA behaviours of their children through three different factors.
Results - females had higher MET scores, more participants chose mother, significant correlation between parental encouragement and female MET values and females who chose father showed a significant icnrease in their PA levels |
