Research Methods And Statistics In I/o Psychology

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Rules of Scientific Vigor

Back 1

scientific rigor involves operating by a set of standards/rules/values

Empiricism: knowledge based on evidence
Publicism: published in a scholarly journal; replicable
Skepticism: your findings must be peer-reviewed & subject to scrutiny
Tentativeness: knowledge can change with new evidence

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Theory

Back 2

series of statements that propose relationships among phenomena

Front 3

Research

Back 3

formal process by which knowledge is produced & understood

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Primary Research

Back 4

generates new information

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Secondary Research

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examines existing information
EX: meta-analysis: quantitative review of studies

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Predictors

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Used to predict/forecast criterion variable.

Seen as independent variables

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Criterion

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Primary object of a research study

Seen as dependent variables

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Level of Analysis

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Refers to the type of subject (e.g., individual, team, departments, organizations)

Front 9

Aggregation

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Averaging or summing of data from a lower level (e.g., individual) to a higher level (e.g., team, department, etc.)

Front 10

Internal Validity

Back 10

the degree to which a variable is related to another variable that is accurate and true

The degree of control affects the internal validity.

High internal validity means that the variables are strongly related, and the effects seen are not due to another variable that was not controlled for.

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External Validity

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the degree to which the results can be generalized to other groups of people

Front 12

Ecological Validity

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degree of similarity between the research setting and a natural setting/situation

Front 13

Correlational Study

Back 13

use of surveys or observation to garner data without manipulating variables

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Ethnography

Back 14

uses field observation to study and describe a group’s culture.

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Experimental Design Study

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involves manipulating an IV while holding all other variables constant; with no differences in the characteristics between the samples

Laboratory
Quasi-experiment (no random assignment)
Field experiment

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Single-case Study

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use of a single subject (e.g., case study, etc.)

Front 17

Longitudinal Study

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study with multiple assessments over time

Front 18

Cross-sectional Study

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study with single assessment across parameters of interest

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Four Types of Research

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(1) Basic: concerned with gaining knowledge
(2) Applied: focused on finding a solution to a societal problem (Tied to generalizability)
(3) Evaluation: focused on assessing the success of an intervention/program
(4) Action: model of research that targets theory, application, & evaluation

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median

Back 20

middle number

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mode

Back 21

the most frequently occurring number

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mean

Back 22

average

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Types of Distribution

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(1) Normal (mean, median, and mode are same number)
(2) Positively skewed: less values on positive side (Mean > Median > Mode)
(3) Negatively skewed: less values on the negative side (Mode > Median > Mean)

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Range

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highest value - lowest value

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Variance

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S^2

Front 26

Standard Deviation

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S = square root of (the sum of (value - average)^2/n-1)

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Correlation Coefficient

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(r) = represents the strength of a relationship between two variables (-1 to +1)

closer to ±1, the relationship is stronger
0 = absence of a relationship

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Three Basic Foundations of Causality

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(1) Covariation of proposed cause and effect

(2) Time-order precedence

(3) Absence of alternative explanations

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Covariance

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measure of how much two variables change together

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Moderator

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variable that influences the direction and/or strength of a relationship between two other variables

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Mediator

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variable that serves as the underlying mechanism through which one variable affects another

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Type I Error

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falsely rejecting the null hypothesis

Front 33

Type II Error

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falsely accepting the null hypothesis

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Alpha (α)

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represents the probability of committing a TI error

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Beta (β)

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represents the probability of committing a TII error

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Power

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1 – β; probability of correctly rejecting the null

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Ethical Considerations in I/O

Back 37

Informed consent
Privacy
Confidentiality
Protection from Deception
Debriefing