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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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T/F
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic energy |
True
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What is Radiography?
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The process of making radiographs
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What do we use dental radiographs to view and assess as an adjunct to clinical examination?
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1. Teeth, bone and jaws
2. Bone loss 3. Caries 4. Pathology 5. Follow-up |
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What type of films are used for direct exposure?
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Intraoral films
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What type of films are used for indirect exposure
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Panoramic films Indirect exposure
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What are some types of Intra-ral films?
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Periapicals (PAs)
Bitewings (BWs) Occlusal |
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What are some types of Extra-oral films?
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Panoramic
Cephalometric Skull Projections |
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What differentiates conventional films from each other?
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Different speed types
D-Speed E-Speed F-Speed |
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What are different Digital (receptors) film types?
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PSP (photostimulable phosphor)
CCD CMOS |
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What is the flexible base material?
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Cellulose acetate (semi-clear) 0.2 mm thick
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What are the different film sizes?
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Size 0-4
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Which film size is used on children?
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0
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Which film size is used for anterior periapicals?
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1
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Which film size is used for bitewings, but we don't use it here at CWRU?
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3
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Which film size is used for occlusal radiographs?
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4
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What color are the double xray packets?
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Gold
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What should we keep in mind with double xray packets?
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They require slightly more radiation exposure
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What is the order and content of dental film packets?
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Plastic Wrap
Lead Foil Black Paper Film (1 or 2) Black Paper Platic Wrap |
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Why is the emulsion placed on both sides?
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1. To reduce the radiation needed for an x-ray radiograph
2. The film can be read from both sides |
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Why do we use lead foil?
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1. Absorbs unused radiation and scattered secondary radiation which reduces dose to patient and helps prevent film fogging
2. Back exposure can be detected (pattern) |
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On the xray packet, where is the dot supposed to go?
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The dot is always close to the occlusal plane
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How do radiolucent objects manifest on an x-ray?
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Radiolucent = Black
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How do radiopaque objects manifest on an xray?
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Radiopaque = White
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T/F
Whe x-ray photons hit the emulsion the energy is stored by the emulsion and will darken the film after chemical processing. |
True
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What happens to the emulsion, that has not been hit by x-ray, during processing?
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The emulsion that has not been hit by x-ray will be washed away during chemical processing
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What happens to x-rays when they come into contact with radiolucent objects?
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Transmits x-rays
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What happens to x-rays when they come into contact with radiopaque objects?
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Radiopaque objects Absorb x-rays
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What is the formula for optical density?
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D = Log (Io/I1)
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What are the 3 regions on the Film Response Curve?
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1. Toe region at low exposure
2. Minimally Steep Region 3. Shoulder at High exposure |
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What are the densities in the diagnostic range when referring to the Film Response Curve?
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0.3-2.0
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What are the densities in the diagnostic range when referring to the Film Response Curve?
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0.3-2.0
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Where is the best region on the film response curve?
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Minimally Steep Region
Good contrast and useful exposure range |
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How does the shoulder region of the film response curve manifest?
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Shoulder region will be more black (Darker Image), which is indicative of over exposure
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How does the toe region of the film response curve manifest?
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The toe region will be whiter (Lighter Image) indicates under exposure
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What is a useful technique in caries detection or calculus detection, when using Digital Xrays?
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Adjusting the contrast
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What type of contrast is a small gradual change among the different optical densities?
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Long Scale or Low Contrast
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What type of contrast is large or abrupt differences among optical densities?
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Short Scale or High Contrast
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What are different affectors of Subject Contrast?
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1. Thicknes
2. Density 3. Atomic Number 4. KVP 5. Presence of Contrast Medium 6. Scattered Radiation |
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What are different affectors of Film Contrast?
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1. The characteristic curve of the film
2. Film Density 3. Use of intensifying screens or direct exposure 4. Film processing |
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What regulates film speed?
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Size of the crystals in the emulsion regulates film speed
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What are the 3 film speeds used in dentistry?
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D-speed film (Ultraspeed)
E-speed film (Ektaspeed) F-speed film (Insight) |
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Which speed film provides the highest speed film with the greatest reduction in radiation dose to the patient?
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F-speed film (InSight)
60% less exposure time than D-speed & 20% less than E-speed |
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What speed film do most dentists and why?
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Many dentists still use D-speed films, ignoring the benefits of F-speed films. Dentists are resistant to change.
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Which film has faster response and why?
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Film A has a faster response because it requires less exposure time to produce the same level of optical density.
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How many x-rays do we take for a Full Mouth Radiographic Series?
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20 films
16 PAs + 4 BWs |
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Where are the key interproximal spaces for Molar Bitewings?
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Between the 1st & 2nd Molars
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Where are the key interproximal spaces for Premolar Bitewings?
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Between the Canine and 1st PM
Between the 1st & 2nd PM |
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Where are the key interproximal spaces for Premolar PAs?
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Between the canine and the 1st Premolar
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Where are the key interproximal spaces for Central Incisor PAs?
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Between the CIs
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Where are the key interproximal spaces for Lateral Incisors?
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Between LI & Canine
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When taking Molar Radiographs, what should be included?
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The most distal tooth
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When taking Premolar Radiographs, what should be included?
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The Distal of the Canine
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What are the boundary guidelines for Periapicals?
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PA = 1/4" of bone beyond the root apex and 1/10" between the incisal edge & film border. Occlusal plane should be straight
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What are the guidelines for bitewing radiographs?
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BW: Equal distribution of bone above and below the occlusal plane. Open contacts as indicated by the ovals giving preference to maxillary contacts.
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What are Periapical radiographs used for?
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1. Interproximal Anteriors for Caries
2. Marginal Integrity of Anterior restorations 3. Periapical structures & crowns of teeth for pathology 4. Presence of calculus |
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T/F
Periapical radiographs are used for evaluating crestal bone height |
FALSE
PAs are NOT suitable for evaluating crestal bone height. |
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What are Bitewing radiographs used for?
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1. Interproximal Caries
2. Crestal bone height level 3. Interproximal calculus 4. Crowns of teeth & marginal integrity of restorations |
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What is the best way to evaluate crestal bone height in patients with periodontitis?
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Vertical Bitewings
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What is the selection criteria for the amount and type of radiographs to take?
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1. What the dentist needs to view on a radiograph
2. Number of teeth in the oral cavity 3. Conditions that may interfere with film placement 4. Patient ability to cooperate |
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What Projection Technique is this?
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Parallel Technique
The central x-ray beam is perpendicular to tooth and the x-ray film |
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What projection technique is this?
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Bisecting Angle Technique
The central x-ray beam is perpendicular to the line that bisects the angle formed between the tip of the tooth and the x-ray film |
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What type of Collimator reduces the radiation dose a patient is exposed to?
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Rectangular Collimator cuts the radiation dose to the patient up to 60%
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What is the Blue Rinn film holder for?
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Blue = Anterior PAs
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What is the Yellow Rinn film holder for?
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Posterior PAs
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What is the Red Rinn film holder for?
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Bitewings
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What is the White Rinn film holder for?
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RCT
Root Canal Treatment |
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What do you need to leave in your locker when you come to admitting duty?
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No Jacket, books, backpacks or purses are brought to admitting
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What PPE do you bring to admitting?
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White coat
Gloves Mask |
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What are the only surfaces that you can touch when you are wearing gloves?
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Only touch surfaces that have barrier coverings when you are wearing gloves.
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What is the sequence of injfection control, when setting up your admitting room?
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1. Wipe room w/caviwipes then place plastic bags on chair & x-ray head
2. Place Allwrap to both light handles & switch & exposure button (anything that you will touch) 3. Tray table outside the room and covered w/napkin 4. place lead apron & thyroid collar over patient 5. Wash hands, don mask then gloves |
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What infection control method should you use for film that is covered by a clear plastic barrier?
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1. Spray w/Citrace on both sides & pat dry.
2. Replace gloves 3. Pull plastic barrier apart and drop film into clean paper cup Without handling the film |
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What infection control method should you use for film that is NOT covered by a clear plastic barrier?
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1. Place exposed films on mobile instrument tray w/napkin
2. Spray both sides of film w/Citrace and pat completely dry with paper towel (Remove gloves when you are done. Don't walk around with your gloves on) |
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What is the procedure for getting your film developed?
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1. Place film in envelopes labeled with: Patient name, Date, # of x-rays, Student name, Do Not mix double & single in same pack
2. Place film on bottom shelf of x-ray window. |
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What is the room cleanup process?
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1. Remove All plastic coverings
2. Clean all surfaces as follows: wet surfaces w/Caviwipes, Clean & dry with paper towel |
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How do you clean up your Rinn XCP Kit and other autoclavable film holders?
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Spray & wipe off all parts of film holder then place in sterilization bags. Take to dispensary for sterilization.
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