Public Speaking Exam 2

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Summary of the text in an article or publication.

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abstract

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Database that indexes publishing data for books, periodical articles, government reports, statistics, patents, research reports, conference proceedings, and dissertations

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bibliographic database

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Words you can use to create specific phrases that broaden or narrow your search on the Internet.

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Boolean operators

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Collections of information stored electronically so they are easy to find and retrieve

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database

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Database that indexes the complete text of newspapers, periodicals, encyclopedias, research reports, court cases, books, and the like

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full-text database

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Stealing an entire speech from a single source and presenting it as your own

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global plagiarism

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Presenting select portions from a single speech as your own

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incremental plagiarism

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Alphabetical listing of the topics discussed in a specific publication, along with the corresponding year, volume, and page numbers

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index

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When we take in more information than we can process but realize there still is more information we are expected to know

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information overload

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Electronic communications network that links computer networks around the world via telephone lines, cables, and communication satellites

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Internet

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Planned interaction with another person that is organized around inquiry and response, with one person asking questions while the other person answers them

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interview

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Constructing a complete speech that you present as your own from portions of several different sources

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patchwork plagiarism

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Presenting another person’s words and ideas as your own.

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plagiarism

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List of all the potential sources you’ll use as you prepare your speech.

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preliminary bibliography

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Question that fills out or follows up an answer to a previous question.

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probe

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List of the types of information you have for your speech and the types you want to find

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research inventory

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System that allows users to easily navigate the millions of sites on the Internet.

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World Wide Web

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Unreasoned distortion of judgment or prejudice about a topic.

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bias

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Story that takes only a short time to tell and illustrates a specific point (sometimes called vignette).

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brief narrative

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Assertion that must be proved.

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claim

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Subjective meaning of a word or phrase based on personal experiences and beliefs.

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connotative definition

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Statement of the exact meaning of a word or phrase.

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definition

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Objective definition of a word or a phrase you find in a dictionary.

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denotative definition

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Exact word-for-word presentation of another’s testimony.

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direct quotation

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History of a word.

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etymology

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Materials that speakers use to support their ideas.

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evidence

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Specific instance used to illustrate a concept, experience, issue, or problem.

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example

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Testimony of someone considered an authority in a particular field.

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expert testimony

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Story that takes longer to tell and can be integrated into a speech more fully.

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extended narrative

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Instance that did not take place but could have.

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hypothetical example

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Process in which stories reference other stories or rely on parts of other stories to be complete.

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intertextuality

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Average of a group of numbers.

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mean

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Middle number in a series or set of numbers arranged in a ranked order.

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median

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Number that occurs most often in a set of numbers.

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mode

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Story that re-creates or foretells real or hypothetical events.

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narrative

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Having a fair, ethical, and undistorted view on a question or issue.

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objective

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Summary of another’s testimony in the speaker’s own words.

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paraphrase

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Testimony of someone who has firsthand knowledge of a topic (sometimes called lay testimony).

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peer testimony

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Your own testimony that you use to convey your point.

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personal testimony

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Instance that actually took place.

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real example

Front 41

Numerical summaries of facts, figures, and research findings.

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statistics

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Opinions or observations of others

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testimony

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Pattern of organization that describes a cause-and-effect relationship between ideas.

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causal pattern

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Pattern of organization that traces a sequence of events or ideas.

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chronological pattern

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Word or a phrase used to link ideas in a speech.

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connective

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Statement in the body of a speech that details what the speaker plans to discuss next

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internal preview

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Statement in the body of a speech that summarizes a point a speaker has already discussed.

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internal summary

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Most important ideas you address in your speech.

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main points

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Systematic arrangement of ideas into a coherent whole.

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organization

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Pattern of organization that identifies a specific problem and offers a possible solution.

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problem-and-solution pattern

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Simple word or statement that lets an audience know where a speaker is in a speech or that indicates an important idea

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signpost

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Pattern of organization in which ideas are arranged in terms of location or direction.

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spatial pattern

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Pattern of organization that allows the speaker to divide a topic into subtopics, each of which addresses a different aspect of the whole topic.

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topical pattern

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Phrase that indicates a speaker is finished with one point and moving on to a new one.

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transition

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Listener who needs to hear verbal explanations and descriptions to learn well

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auditory listener

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Local or regional informal dialect or expression.

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colloquialism

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Recognizing, acknowledging, and expressing value for another person.

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confirming

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Speech that eases the audience’s burden of processing information.

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considerate speech

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Listener who listens for the accuracy of a speech’s content and the implications of a speaker’s message.

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critical listener

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Language that respectfully recognizes the differences among the many cultures in our society.

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culturally inclusive language

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Listener who overcomes listener interference to better understand a speaker’s message.

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effective listener

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Listener who considers the moral impact of a speaker’s message on one’s self and one’s community.

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ethical listener

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Word or phrase that substitutes an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant.

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euphemism

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Listener who needs to touch, explore, and participate in what is being described.

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experiential listener

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Language recognizing that both women and men are active participants in the world.

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gender-inclusive language

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Vibration of sound waves on our eardrums and the impulses then sent to the brain.

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hearing

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Anything that stops or hinders a listener from receiving a message.

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interference

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Technical language used by a special group or for a special activity.

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jargon

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Speech that is considerate and delivered in an oral style.

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listenable speech

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Process of giving thoughtful attention to another person’s words and understanding what you hear.

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listening

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Informal nonstandard vocabulary, usually made up of arbitrarily changed words.

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slang

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Practice of highlighting a person’s race or ethnicity (or sex, sexual orientation, physical disability, and the like) during a speech

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spotlighting

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Extra words that pad sentences and claims but don’t add meaning.

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verbal clutter

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Listener who needs to see something to understand it and how it works.

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visual listener

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Relationship of the items on a visual aid to one another.

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balance

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Graph that compares quantities at a specific moment in time.

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bar graph

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Display of how something is done or how it works.

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demonstration

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Diagram sketch of someone or something.

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drawing

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Chart that illustrates direction or motion.

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flow chart

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Type or style of print.

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font

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Size of the letters in a particular font measured in points

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font size

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Visual comparison of amounts or quantities that show growth, size, proportions, or relationships.

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graph

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Graph that shows trends over time.

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line graph

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Series of words or phrases that organize ideas one after the other.

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list

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Visual representation of geographical features, urban areas, roads, stars and planets, and the like.

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map

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Copy of an object, usually built to scale, that represents an object in detail.

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model

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Something that can be seen or touched.

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object

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Chart that illustrates the makeup of groups.

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organizational chart

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Graph that presents information in pictures or images.

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picture graph

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Graph that shows the relative proportions of parts of a whole.

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pie graph

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Environment in which a speaker has expertise or knowledge that an audience needs but doesn’t already have.

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informative speaking environment

Front 92

Speech that communicates knowledge and understanding about a process, an event, a person or place, an object, or a concept

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informative speech

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Informative speech about an abstraction, such as an idea, a theory, a principle, a worldview, or a belief.

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speech about a concept

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Informative speech that describes a significant, interesting, or unusual place or person.

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speech about a place or a person

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Informative speech that describes how something is done, how something comes to be what it is, or how something works.

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speech about a process

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Informative speech that describes or explains a significant, interesting, or unusual occurrence.

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speech about an event

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Informative speech about anything that is tangible, that can be perceived by the senses.

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speech about an object

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Planned interaction with another person organized around inquiry and response

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research interviews

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types of support for claims (5)

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example
narrative
statistics
testimony
definitions

Front 100

types of organizational patterns (5)

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chronological
spatial
problems and solutions
causal
topical

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Physical process of producing specific speech sounds to make language intelligible.

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articulation

Front 102

Speaking style that is more formal than everyday conversation but remains spontaneous and relaxed.

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conversational style

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Action and manner of speaking to an audience.

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delivery

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Pattern of speech that is shared among ethnic groups or people from specific geographical locations.

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dialect

Front 105

Speech that is carefully prepared and practiced from brief notes rather than from memory or a written manuscript.

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extemporaneous speech

Front 106

Visual contact with another person’s eyes.

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eye contact

Front 107

Movements, usually of the hands but sometimes of the full body, that express meaning and emotion or offer clarity to a message.

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gestures

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Speech that is not planned or prepared in advance.

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impromptu speech

Front 109

Manipulation of pitch to create certain meanings or moods.

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inflection

Front 110

Speech that is read to an audience from a written text.

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manuscript speech

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Speech that has been written out, committed to memory, and given word for word.

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memorized speech

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Way of speaking in which a speaker does not alter her or his pitch.

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monotone

Front 113

Hesitations and brief silences in speech or conversation

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pauses

Front 114

Way speakers dress, groom, and present themselves physically.

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personal appearance

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Highness or lowness of a speaker’s voice on the musical scale.

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pitch

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Way speakers position and carry their bodies.

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posture

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Act of saying words correctly according to the accepted standards of a language.

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pronunciation

Front 118

Use of space during communication.

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proxemics

Front 119

Speed at which a speaker speaks.

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rate

Front 120

Changes in the volume, rate, and pitch of a speaker’s voice that affect the meaning of the words delivered.

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vocal variety

Front 121

Pauses that speakers fill with words or sounds like “um,” “er,” or “uh.”

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vocalized pauses

Front 122

Loudness of a speaker’s voice.

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volume

Front 123

4 methods of speech delivery

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extemporaneous
impromptu
manuscript
memorized