Psychology Study Guide For Exam 3 And Final

Front 1

What is learning

Back 1

Learning is new behavior that comes about from the environment. Learning is acquired behavior that is permanent. Relatively enduring change in potential behavior that results from experience.

Front 2

Is instinct learning?

Back 2

No

Front 3

What is insightful learning?

Back 3

Insightful learning is the a-ha experience through understanding and seeing through perception.

Front 4

What is insight?

Back 4

Insight is sudden, rapid learning involving discoveries, perception and understanding, or the A-Ha experience.

Front 5

What is non-insightful learning?

Back 5

Trial and error, responding to an environmental stimulus, or the result of observing someone else attempting the problem.

Front 6

What is conditioning?

Back 6

Conditioning in behavioral psychology, is a theory that the reaction or response to an object or event (stimulus) by a person or animal can be modified by learning or conditioning. A behavioral process whereby a response becomes more frequent promote predictable in a given environment as a result of reinforcement, with reinforcement typically being a stimulus or reward for a desired response.

Front 7

What is Classical, Respondent or Pavlovian conditioning?

Back 7

This is learning that take a place when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that already produces a response. After conditioning, the organism responds to the neutral stimulus in some way the response to the neutral stimulus is called a conditioned response.

Front 8

What is Operant or Instrumental Conditioning?

Back 8

Learning an association between one's behavior and it's consequences (reinforcement or punishment).

Front 9

What is reinforcement?

Back 9

In Operant Conditioning, any procedure where an event following a specific response increases the probability that the response will occur.

Front 10

What is Positive reinforcement?

Back 10

Positive reinforcement is anything who's presence increases the probability of a conditioned response.

Example: a rat that keeps pressing the bar in a Skinner Box. A reward that is something the animal or human likes, like saying "good job", or "good dog".

It is any stimulus presented following a response that increases the probability of the response.

Front 11

What is negative reinforcement?

Back 11

Negative Reinforcement is the application of an aversion stimulus before a response is made, and the response ends the acquisition of a new response.

Example: in politics, people vote in someone else if threading like who is in office. Anything you can do to change an unpleasant situation.

It is any stimulus that increases the probability of a response through its removal when the desired response is made. It is often misunderstood, confusing it with punishment by assuming that it is used to stop behavior. In fact, quite the opposite is true. Negative reinforcement, like positive reinforcement, increases the occurrence of a desired behavior.

Front 12

What is punishment or aversive stimulus?

Back 12

The application of an aversion stimulus (pain) after a stimulus response is made, and it leads to the end of that response (extinction).

When people are punished, it creates unpleasant feelings.

A procedure in which the presentation of a stimulus following a response leads to the decrease in the strength or frequency of the response. We often think of punishment as an unpleasant or aversive stimulus, such as spanking. However, punishment may also involve the withdrawal of positive reinforces such as playtime, watching tv, playing Fortnite, money, or the use of the family car, traffic ticket, or a wrong answer on a test.

Front 13

What is non-reinforcement?

Back 13

Non-reinforcement is when the target behavior is exhibited and there is no response from the environment, however, if an act has consistently followed by a reward in the past, but fails to elicit the expected reward, frustration occurs.

Example: ignoring someone.

Front 14

What is extinction?

Back 14

In Pavlovian conditioning, the process by which a conditioned response is eliminated through repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditional stimulus. In Operant Conditioning, the process of eliminating a response by discontinuing reinforcement for it.

Front 15

What is the abbreviation for a neutral or conditioned stimulus?

Back 15

(CS) A stimulus to which an organism learns to respond is called a learned or conditioned response.

Front 16

What is the abbreviation for an unconditioned stimulus?

Back 16

(UCS) A stimulus that elicits an unlearned response or reflex is called an unconditional stimulus.

Front 17

What is the abbreviation for a conditioned response?

Back 17

(CR) a learned response which are changes in emotional or motivational states.

Front 18

What is the abbreviation for an unconditional response?

Back 18

(UCR)

Front 19

What is generalization?

Back 19

The process by which an organism responds to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus, without undergoing conditioning for each similar stimulus. When people or animals respond to similar stimuli without undergoing training for each specific stimulus. Making the same response to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS) but different from it. (Responding the same to a dang-a-lang as if it were a ding-a-ling)

Front 20

What is discrimination?

Back 20

In Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning, the process by which responses are restricted to specific stimuli--in social psychology, the behavioral consequence of prejudice in which one group is treated differently from another group.

Front 21

What is second-order or Higher-Order conditioning?

Back 21

A learned association between two conditioned stimuli that can occur following conditioning to a conditioned stimulus, and an unconditional stimulus.

Front 22

What is first-Order conditioning?

Back 22

In first-order conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. When this occurs, the control of the response to the unconditioned stimulus is transferred to the neutral stimulus, which is now called a conditioned stimulus.

Front 23

What is a neutral stimulus?

Back 23

A neutral stimulus is an energy change in the environment that reaches the organism that produces a response. A stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention. In classical conditioning, when used together with an unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus.

Front 24

What is a Conditioned stimulus?

Back 24

A conditioned stimulus was originally a neutral stimulus but now acts as if it were an unconditioned stimulus as a result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus in time and space.

Front 25

What is Spontaneous Recovery of A Conditioned Response?

Back 25

Without any reinforcement, it occurs again. When it occurs again, it is fleeing. It's as if there was a trace in the brain: an engram.

Front 26

What is superstitious behavior?

Back 26

Arises when the delivery of a reinforced or punished occurs close together in time (temporal continuity) with an independent behavior. Therefore, the behavior is accidentally reinforced or punished , increasing the likelihood of that behavior occurring again. Superstition is a pejorative term for any belief or practice that is considered irrational.

Front 27

Both positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have the same result, what is it?

Back 27

The acquisition of requiring a new response.

Front 28

Both non-reinforcement and punishment will result in what?

Back 28

Extinction

Front 29

What is a Skinner Box and it's purpose?

Back 29

An empty box except for a bar protruding from one wall with a small food dish directly beneath it in which a hungry rat is placed to conduct learned behavioral experiments. Invented by B.F. Skinner, founder of behvioral analysis.

Front 30

If you have an unconditional stimulus you get...

Back 30

An unconditioned response

Front 31

What does the symbol "t" stand for in conditioning paradigms?

Back 31

A time frame, or a period of time.

Front 32

What does the symbol of a dotted half circle in conditioning paradigms stand for?

Back 32

Pairing or associating in time and space.

Front 33

What does the pointed arrow symbol signify in a conditioned paradigm experiment

Back 33

A pointed arrow symbol equals "brings about", causes, "elicit" (brings something about), produces.

Front 34

What kind of learning was involved in the "Nine-Point problem"?

Back 34

Insight, which involves perception and learning involving discovery and understanding, also known as the A-Ha experience.it is an Example of conditioning because we care normally conditioned to think inside the box which this experiment forces you to think outside the box.

Front 35

In what way was Pavlovs Classical Conditioning paradigm similar to Skinner's Operant Conditioning paradigm? How did they differ?

Back 35

They were both animal experiment a that studied learning. They deferred in that Operant Conditioning was influenced by its consequences while classical conditioning focused on association

Front 36

How did your instructor define memory?

Back 36

Memory is the faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information. The locking in or retention of memory.

Front 37

How does the author of the textbook define memory?

Back 37

Process or processes of storing newly acquired information for later recall.

Front 38

Who was Hermann Ebbinghaus?

Back 38

He used the relearning method in the first systematic studies of human memory in 1913.

Front 39

Who was Elizabeth Loftus?

Back 39

A psychologist who had been the leading investigator in the area of eye witness testimony research.

Front 40

Who was Karl lashley?

Back 40

Spent most of his research career searching corvette engram, where memory is stored. (1929)

Front 41

Who was Sigmund Freud?

Back 41

Psychiatrist who studied the nature of the mind and father of psychoanalysis

Front 42

Who Donald Hebb?

Back 42

Studied the conception of short term and long term memory. The Hebbian Rule, which is information transferred to long term memory when new connections between neurons are formed. These changes are thought to involve structural changes in the synapsis between neurons which occur when cell assemblies are simultaneously activated.

Front 43

Who is sir Frederick Bartlett

Back 43

British psychologist and one of the forerunners of cognitive psychology as well as cultural psychology.

Front 44

What is encoding

Back 44

In memory the process of perceiving information then categorizing or organizing it in a meaningful way

Front 45

What is storage

Back 45

Process by which encoded material is retained over time

Front 46

What is memory processes or model of memory

Back 46

A model of memory that proposes tyre stages of memory processing, sensory memories,working memories, and long term memories.

Front 47

What is chunking

Back 47

Process of grouping items into longer meaningful units to make them easier to remember

Front 48

What is eidetic memory

Back 48

Photographic memory

Front 49

What is recall

Back 49

To call back again

Front 50

What is flashback memory

Back 50

An apparent vivid recall for an event associated with extreme emotion such as the assassination of a president. Doesn't last long

Front 51

What are the four theories of forgetting

Back 51

Passive decay (If you don't use it you lose it), interference or inhibition (not being able to recall information), repression (we forget because it's too painful to remember), and failure to encode

Front 52

What is retroactive interference

Back 52

In memory, when the phenomenon that occurs when a later event interferes with the recall of earlier information

Front 53

What is proactive interference

Back 53

In memory, when the phenomenon occurs when earlier learning disrupts memory for later learning

Front 54

What is serial position effect

Back 54

Tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than in the middle

Front 55

What is an engram

Back 55

A memory trace

Front 56

What principles can you use to improve memory

Back 56

Overlearning, making use of study breaks and rewards, spacing study sessions and avoiding interference

Front 57

What is false memory

Back 57

A memory of an event that never occured