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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is psychology?
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Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes
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What does science mean?
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You rely on systematic procedures for collecting data, analyzing data, and recording data
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What is anecdotal information?
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A personal experience or one example of an event (ie: TV violence making one kid aggressive, not generalized)
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What is behavior?
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Observable actions
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What are two examples of behavior?
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1. Physiological reactions to your environment (sweating)
2. Speech |
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What are mental processes?
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Thinking
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What are two examples of mental processes?
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1. Perceptions, influenced by emotional experiences, family, peers, etc.
2. Feelings/emotions |
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What is a system whereby what we have learned is encoded, stored, and retrieved at a later point in time?
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Memory
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What is memory?
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A system whereby what we have learned is encoded, stored, and retrieved at a later point in time
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What is anecdotal information?
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A personal experience or one example of an event
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What are the three processes of memory?
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Encoding
Storing Retrieving |
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Memory is the system of retaining information using the processes ____, ____, and ____.
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Encoding, storing, and retrieving
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What is encoding?
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The process whereby we select information to be retained
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What is the process whereby we select information to be retained?
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Encoding
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What are the two types of encoding?
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Automatic and effortful
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What is encoding without effort?
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Automatic encoding
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What is automatic encoding?
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Encoding without effort
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What are three things that are automatically encoded?
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Location
Frequency (how often you did something) Timing of events (what you did yesterday) |
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How are location, frequency, and timing of events encoded?
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Through automatic encoding
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What is encoding with effort?
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Effortful encoding
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What are the 7 strategies for effortful encoding?
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Rehearsal
Encoding for Meaning Encoding for Visual Imagery Encoding for Meaning & Visual Imagery Mnemonic Devices Organization Elaboration |
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What are the three principles of rehearsal?
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The more time spent learning, the more that will be remembered
Serial Position Effect: Remember the beginning & end, forget the middle Spacing effect: When we space out our study time, we are more likely to remember info |
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Why should you encode for meaning?
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You remember things you know the meaning of
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What is even stronger than encoding for just plain meaning?
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Encoding for personal meaning, involving emotion
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What are two types of organization?
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Chunking and hierarchies
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What is chunking?
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Placing relevant info together; can remember 7 pieces of information, + or - 2
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What is hierarchies?
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The use of outlines
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What is the use of outlines?
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Hierarchies
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What is placing relevant information together?
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Chunking
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How many pieces of info can you remember with chunking?
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7 plus or minus 2
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What is integrating new info with things we already know?
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Elaboration
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What is elaboration?
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Integrating new info with things we already know?
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What is the maintaining of information until needed at a later time?
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Storing
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What is storing?
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The maintaining of information until needed at a later time
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How many memory stores/components are there?
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3
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What are the three memory stores?
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Sensory memory, Short Term or Working memory, and Long Term memory
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What does the cycle start with?
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External/environmental stimuli through senses
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Where do the stimuli enter?
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The sensory memory
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What are the three characteristics of the sensory memory?
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1. Raw, unprocessed information
2. Very brief duration 3. Large capacity |
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What type of information is in the sensory memory?
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Raw and unprocessed
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What type of duration does the sensory memory have?
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Very brief
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What types of memory are within sensory memory?
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Iconic and echoic
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What is iconic memory?
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Visual information
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How long do we have a perfect visual representation of what we have seen?
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1/2 second or less
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What is echoic memory?
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Auditory information
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How long does echoic memory last?
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2-4 seconds
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What type of capacity does sensory memory have?
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Large
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How many pieces of info can you have in sensory memory at any 1 time?
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25 pieces
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What happens to information after it has been in sensory memory?
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It is either forgotten or transferred into short-term memory
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What is another name for short-term memory?
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Working memory
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What are the three characteristics of short-term memory?
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1. Consciously processed
2. Duration of 30 seconds 3. 7 +/-2 Magic Number |
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How is information processed in short-term memory?
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Consciously
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What is the duration of short-term memory?
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30 seconds
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What is the magic number for the amount of information you can have in short-term memory?
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7 plus or minus 2
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What happens to information after it has been in short-term memory?
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It is either forgotten or transferred to long-term memory
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What are the three characteristics of long-term memory?
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1. LTM organizes and categorizes information
2. Permanent duration 3. Average adult holds quintrillion pieces of info Unlimited capacity |
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What does LTM do to information?
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Organize and categorize information
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What type of duration does LTM have?
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Permanent duration
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The average adult holds how many pieces of info in LTM?
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A quintrillion pieces of info
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What type of capacity does LTM have?
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Unlimited capacity
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How many types of long-term memory are there?
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2
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What are the two types of long-term memory?
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Explicit and implicit
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What is the type of LTM memory in which info requires conscious recall?
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Explicit (declarative)
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What are the two types of explicit memory?
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Semantic and episodic
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What is general knowledge and information?
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Semantic
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What is your own personal memories and experiences?
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Episodic
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What is the type of LTM memory that is without conscious recall?
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Implicit
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What are the two types of implicit memory?
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Procedural and classically conditioned information
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How is classically conditioned information acquired?
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Through association
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What is retrieval?
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The bringing forth of information that has been previously stored
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What is the bringing forth of info that has previously been stored?
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Retrieval
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What are the two types of retrieval?
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Recall and recognition
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Which type of retrieval is like an essay question?
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Recall
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What type of retrieval is like a multiple choice question?
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Recognition
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Which type of retrieval requires you to reconstruct information?
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Recall
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What type of retrieval requires you to identify info that has been stored?
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Recognition
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What are stimuli required to retrieve info?
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Retrieval cues
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What are retrieval cues?
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Stimuli required to retrieve info
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What are examples of retrieval cues?
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Words, pictures, scents, touch, sounds
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What are three specific types of retrieval cues?
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Context cues, state-dependent cues, and mood congruent cues
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What are cues that involve location or where something happened?
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Context cues
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What are context cues?
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Cues that involve location or where something happened
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What are state dependent cues?
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When you remember best if you're in the same mood when retrieving as you were when you learned (drunk)
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What is it called when you remember best if you're in the same mood when retrieving as you were when you learned?
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State dependent cues
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What is the tendency to retrieve info best if it reflects your mood?
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Mood congruent cues
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What are mood congruent cues?
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The tendency to retrieve info best if it reflects your mood
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What are the 6 types of forgetting?
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Pseudoforgetting, faulty retrieval cues, decay theory, interference theory, motivated forgetting, repression
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What is "forgetting" because you never encoded information into long-term memory?
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Pseudoforgetting
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What is pseudoforgetting?
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Forgetting because you never encoded information into long-term memory
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What is a mismatch between how you remembered and cues given to remember?
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Faulty retrieval cues
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What are faulty retrieval cues?
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Mismatch between how you remember and the cues given to remember
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What is the decay theory?
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Info that you don't use, you lose
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What is "info that you don't use, you lose"?
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Decay theory
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What is described as so much competition between info that you forget?
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Interference theory
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What is the interference theory?
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So much competition between info that you forget
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What are the two types of interference?
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Retroactive and proactive
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What is new interfering with remembering old?
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Retroactive interference
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What is old interfering with remembering new?
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Proactive interference
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What is motivated forgetting?
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Forgetting things you just don't want to remember (to make dentist appt)
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What is forgetting things you just don't want to remember?
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Motivated forgetting
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What is a type of forgetting described by Freud?
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Repression
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What is repression?
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Placing of unwanted or threatening thoughts, feelings, perceptions, into your unconscious
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What is the placing of unwanted or threatening thoughts, feelings, perceptions, into your unconscious?
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Repression
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