Psychology Exam 3 Chapter 9

Front 1

Where did Freud say a majority of his patients' emotional problems originated

Back 1

early childhood relationships, particularly those with their parents

Front 2

Psychic energy

Back 2

biologically based instinctual drives that fuel behavior, thoughts, and feelings

Front 3

Erogenous zones

Back 3

areas of the body that are erotically sensitive

Front 4

Id

Back 4

- earliest and most primitive of three personality structures posited by Freud

- pleasure principle (achieving maximum gratification quickly)

Front 5

Oral Stage

Back 5

- first stage of psychosexual development

- primary source of gratification and pleasure is oral activity, such as sucking and eating

Front 6

Ego

Back 6

- reality principle (develops after id)

- rational, logical, problem solving component of personality

- eventually develops into the individuals sense of self

Front 7

Anal stage

Back 7

- Freud's second stage of development

- focus on pleasurable relief of the tension derived from defecation

- parents and others increase their demands on the child to control his impulses and to delay gratification

Front 8

Phallic stage

Back 8

- 3rd developmental stage of Freud

- children become interested in their own genetalia

- discover vital differences between having and lacking a penis

Front 9

Penis Envy

Back 9

girls notice and resent the fact that they do not have a penis

Front 10

Superego

Back 10

- what we think of as conscience

- enables a child to control his or her own behavior on the basis of beliefs about right and wrong

Front 11

Internalization

Back 11

adoption of the parents rules and standards

Front 12

Oedipus complex

Back 12

- psychosexual conflict in which a boy experiences a form of sexual desire for his mother and wants an exclusive relationship with her

Front 13

Infantile amnesia

Back 13

- lack of memories from our first few years that we all suffer

- according to Freud this happens because of the ego's repression of the Oedipal conflict encountered as a child

Front 14

Electra Complex

Back 14

Erotic feelings toward the father by the daughter

Front 15

Latency period

Back 15

- 4th developmental stage of Freud

- time of relative calm (sexual desires are safely hidden away in the unconscious)

Front 16

Gential stage

Back 16

- fifth and final stage of psychosexual development

- beginning in adolescence in which sexual maturation is complete and sexual intercourse becomes a major goal

Front 17

Fixation

Back 17

being stuck in a stage, continually attempting to satisfy them and to resolve associated conflicts

Front 18

If an individual later in life repeatedly engages in activities such as excessive eating, nail biting, smoking, and so in, he is stuck in what stage...

Back 18

Oral stage

Front 19

Erickson's Psychosocial Theory of Development

Back 19

1. Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (first year)

2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Disgust (1-3.5 years)

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (4-6 years)

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-puberty)

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence and early adulthood)

Front 20

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust

Back 20

Develop a sense of trust if mother is warm, consistent, and reliable in her caregiving as the infant learns that she can be trusted

Front 21

Autonomy vs. Shame/Disgust

Back 21

if parents provide a supportive atmosphere that allows children to achieve self control without loss of self esteem, children gain a sense of autonomy

Front 22

Initiative vs. Guilt

Back 22

-constantly setting goals and working to achieve them

-achieving a balance between initiative and guilt

Front 23

Industry vs. Inferiority

Back 23

- crucial for ego development

- children master cognitive and social skills that are important in their culture and they learn to work industriously and to cooperate with peers

Front 24

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Back 24

critical stage for achievement of a core sense of identity

Front 25

True or False: Freud's identification of infantile amnesia is widely supported but virtually no one thinks its due to repression as Freud claimed

Back 25

True

Front 26

True or False: Many individuals who consider themselves to lack racial prejudice nevertheless unconsciously associate members of some racial groups with a variety of negative characteristics

Back 26

True

Front 27

Who was the founder of behaviorism?

Back 27

John B. Watson

Front 28

"Little Albert experiment

Back 28

- paired the presentation of the rat with a loud noise that clearly frightened Albert

- after a number of such pairings, Albert became afraid of the rat itself

Front 29

Systematic desensitizaiton

Back 29

positive responses are gradually conditioned to stimuli that initially elicited a highly negative response

Front 30

True or False: Children often do things "just to get attention." Thus, the best strategy for discouraging a child who throws temper tantrums from continuing to do so is to ignore that behavior whenever it occurs.

Back 30

True

Front 31

Intermittent reinforcement

Back 31

- inconsistent response to the behavior of another person

- ex. punishing an unacceptable behavior and sometimes ignoring it

Front 32

Behavior modification

Back 32

based on operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior

Front 33

Teachers talked to him and comforted him when he was alone but tended to ignore him when he played with other children. The boys withdrawal was modified by reversing the reinforcement contingencies: the teachers began paying attention tot eh boy whenever he joined a group but ignored him whenever he withdrew. This is an example of ...

Back 33

behavior modification

Front 34

Who argued that human learning is inherently social in nature and is based on observation of the behavior of other people?

Back 34

Albert Bandura

Front 35

Vicarious reinfrocement

Back 35

observing someone else receive a reward or a punishment and subsequently reproducing the behavior

Front 36

In the Bobo Doll experiment, what did children do when they saw the model punished when they hit the doll?

Back 36

They imitated the behavior less than the other groups

Front 37

Social cognitive theory

Back 37

observational learning clearly depends on basic cognitive processes of attention to others behavior, encoding what is observed, storing the information in memory, and retrieving it at some later time

Front 38

Reciprocal determinism

Back 38

children are affected by aspects of their environment but they also influence the environment

Front 39

Percieved self-efficacy

Back 39

a person's beliefs about how effectively he or she can control his or her own behavior, thoughts, and emotions in order to achieve a desired goal

Front 40

What is the primary weakness of Bandura's social learning theory?

Back 40

its lack of attention to biological influences

Front 41

Self socialization

Back 41

children's active shaping of their own development

Front 42

Role taking

Back 42

the ability to adopt the perspective of another person, to think about something from anthers point of view

Front 43

Selman's Stage Theory of Role Taking

Stage 1

Back 43

(6-8 years old): children come to appreciate that someone else can have a perspective different from their own but they assume that persons different perspective is merely due to that person's not possessing the same information they do

Front 44

Selman's Stage Theory of Role Taking

Stage 2

Back 44

(8-10 years old): children not only realize that someone else can have a different view, but they also are able to think about the other persons point of view

Front 45

Selman's Stage Theory of Role Taking

Stage 3

Back 45

(10-12 years old): children can systematically compare their now and another person's point of view

Front 46

Selman's Stage Theory of Role Taking

Stage 4

Back 46

(12 and older): adolescents attempt to understand another's perspective by comparing it to that of a generalized other, as assessing whether the person's view is the same as that of most people in their social group

Front 47

Hostile attributional bias

Back 47

- general expectation that others are antagonistic to them

Front 48

How does hostile attributional biases become self-fulfilling prophecies?

Back 48

- child's aggressive retaliation to the presumed hostile act of a peer elicits counterattacks and rejection by his or her peers, further fueling the child's beliefs in the hostility of others

Front 49

Incremental thoery

Back 49

rooted in the idea that intelligence can grow as a function of experience

Front 50

Entity theory

Back 50

rooted in the idea that a person's level of intelligence is fixed and unchangeable

Front 51

Entity/helpless orientation

Back 51

base their self worth on the approval they receive from other people about their intelligence, talents and personal qualities

Front 52

Incremental/mastery orientation

Back 52

based more on their own effort and learning and not on how others evaluate them

Front 53

Ethology

Back 53

study of behavior within an evolutionary context, attempts to understand behavior in terms of its adaptive or survival value

Front 54

Imprinting

Back 54

process in which newborns become attached to the first thing they see

Front 55

True or False: Boys prefer to play with vehicle toys, which afford action play, whereas girls prefer dolls, which are conducive to nurturant play

Back 55

True

Front 56

In one study, newborn _______ looked longer at social stimuli than nonsocial stimuli while it was reverse for the other gender

Back 56

girls

Front 57

Evolutionary psychology

Back 57

Applies Darwinian concepts of natural selection and adaptation to human behavior

Front 58

Many evolutionary theorists suggest that ________ is an evolved platform for learning

Back 58

play

Front 59

Parental-investment thoery

Back 59

primary source of their motivation is the perpetuation of their genes in the human gene pool, which can happen only if their offspring survive long enough to pass those genes on to the next generation

Front 60

In families in which both natural and stepchildren reside, abusive parents typically target ...?

Back 60

The stepchildren

Front 61

True or False: Humans are a slow developing, big brained species compared with other primates. The larger the brain size of various primates, the longer their developmental period

Back 61

True

Front 62

Bronfenbrenner bioecological model

Back 62

- Microsystem (immediate environment with which the child directly interacts)

- Mesosystem ( connections that exist among microsystems

- Exosystem (social settings the child is not a part of but that still affect him or her)

- macrosystem (general beliefs, values, customs, and laws of the larger society)

Front 63

The nature of all relationships within the microsystem are ___________

Back 63

- bidirectional

- ex. martial relationship can affect how they treat their children, and their children's behavior can, in turn, have an impact on the marital relationship

Front 64

The child's family is a crucial component of which system

Back 64

microsystem

Front 65

Child's academic success at school is facilitated when their parents value scholastic endeavors and have positive contact with their teachers. Which system is this a part of?

Back 65

Mesosystem

Front 66

The parent's workplace can affect children in many ways, from the employers policies about flexible work hours, parental leave, and on-site child care to the general atmosphere in which parents work. Which system is this a part of?

Back 66

exosystem

Front 67

Chronosystem

Back 67

- temporal dimension which describes how in any society, beliefs, values, customs, technologies, and social circumstances change over time, with consequences for children's development

- ex. the digital age has given children today access to a vast realm of info

Front 68

Child maltreatment

Back 68

intentional abuse or neglect that endangers the well being of anyone under the age of 18

Front 69

Factors in the microsystem that lead to child maltreatment

Back 69

- low self esteem, strong negative reactions to stress, and poor impulse control

- parental alcohol and drug dependence

Front 70

Factors in the mesosystem and exosystem that cause child maltreatment

Back 70

- include high levels of unemployment, inadequate housing, and community violence

- one important ecosystem contributor to child maltreatment is a family's social isolation and lack of social support

Front 71

ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)

Back 71

tend to be of normal intelligence and do not typically show serious emotional disturbances

- difficulty sticking to plans, following rules and regulations, and persevering on tasks that require sustained attention

Front 72

True or False: Children who are maltreated are overly dependent on their teachers for approval and support. They are more than twice as likely as other children to fail a grade

Back 72

True

Front 73

The intervention program, targeted at the microsystem level suggests ....

Back 73

that home visiting programs that focus on altering parents' cognitive interpretations have a high potential for preventing physical maltreatment

Front 74

Where does the media fit in Bronfenbrenners model?

Back 74

Exosystem

Front 75

True or False: Children 6 years or younger devote more time to entertainment media than to reading, being read to, and playing outside combined

Back 75

True

Front 76

What are the four ways exposure to media violence has an impact on children?

Back 76

1. Seeing actors engage in aggression teaches aggressive behaviors and inspires imitation

2. Viewing aggression increases the accessibility of their own aggressive thoughts

3. Media violence is exciting and arousing for most youth

4. Frequent exposure to media violence gradually leads to emotional desensitization

Front 77

True or False: Increase watching of television and playing of video games leads to higher rates of obesity and social isolation

Back 77

True

Front 78

Why is pornography such a negative influence on the youth?

Back 78

It can make children and teens more tolerant of aggression toward women as well as more accepting of premarital and extramarital sex

Front 79

The most effective weapons against the various negative effects of media on children operate at which level?

Back 79

- The microsystem level, with parents exercising control over their children's access to undesirable media

- The macro system level, with legal controls and government programs designed to minimize the negative features of the media with which children interact

Front 80

How does socioeconomic status of family have profound effects on the development of children?

Back 80

-Microsystem= family's housing/neighborhood

- Mesosystem= condition of their school and the quality of their teachers

-Exosystem= nature of parents employment or lack of employment

-Macrosystem= gove policies like Head Start

- Chronosystem= changes over time as to how many jobs are available

Front 81

What are the negative affects of growing up in highly affluent families?

Back 81

- higher levels of anxiety, greater depression, and more use of illicit substances

Front 82

True or False: Teens whose family income was fairly low reported higher feelings of closeness with their mothers and fathers than did those whose family income was much higher

Back 82

True

Front 83

True or False: The level of happiness reported by youth is not directly related to their families level of affluence

Back 83

True

Front 84

What are the problems with evolutionary psychology?

Back 84

- many of the claims hard to test

- overlook our capacity to transform our environment and ourselves

- lacks emphasis on biological factors