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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is classical conditioning?
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a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response
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What is a neutral stimulus?
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a stimulus that before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest
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What is an unconditioned stimulus(ucs)?
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a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned
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What is an unconditioned response(ucr)?
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a response that is natural and needs no training (i.e. salivation at the smell of food)
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What is a conditioned stimulus(cs)?
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a once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused by unconditioned stimulus
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What is a conditioned response(cr)?
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a response that after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus(salivation at the ringing of a bell)
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What does higher order conditioning do?
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Explains why we learn certain things we learn
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What is aquisition?
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and unconditioned stimulus paired with a conditioned response will be consistent
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What did Dr. Watson believe?
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we did not come into the world with any fears or dislikes (blank slate) experiences teach us
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What is classical conditioning?
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a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response
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What is a neutral stimulus?
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a stimulus that before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest
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What is an unconditioned stimulus(ucs)?
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a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned
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What is an unconditioned response(ucr)?
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a response that is natural and needs no training (i.e. salivation at the smell of food)
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What is a conditioned stimulus(cs)?
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a once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused by unconditioned stimulus
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What is a conditioned response(cr)?
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a response that after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus(salivation at the ringing of a bell)
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What does higher order conditioning do?
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Explains why we learn certain things we learn
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What is aquisition?
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and unconditioned stimulus paired with a conditioned response will be consistent
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What did Dr. Watson believe?
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we did not come into the world with any fears or dislikes (blank slate) experiences teach us
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Conditioned=learned, and unconditioned=not learned
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An unconditioned stimulus leads to an unconditioned response
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Unconditioned stimulus-unconditioned response pairings are unlearned and
untrained |
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During conditioning, a previously neutral neutral stimulus is transformed into the conditioned stimulus
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A conditioned stimulus leads to a conditioned response, and a conditioned stimulus-conditioned response pairing is a consequence of learning
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An unconditioned response and a conditioned response are similar (such as the salivation)
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The unconditioned response occurs naturally, whereas the conditioned response is learned
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What is extinction?
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a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning
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What is stimulus generalization?
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tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to but different from a conditioned response; the more similar, the more likely this will occur
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What is stimulus discrimination?
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The ability to differentiate between stimuli
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What is operant conditioning?
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Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences
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What did Thorndike study and what law did he develop?
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cats/latched box. Law Of Effect: responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated
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What is reinforcement?
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the process by which stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
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What is a reinforcer?
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any stimulus that increases the probalilty that a preceding behavior will occur again
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What is shaping behavior?
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increases the likelihood the behavior will reoccur
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What is the opposite of a reinforcer?
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punishment
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What is the idea of operant conditioning?
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consequences
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What is a positive reinforcer?
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a stimulus added to the environment that brings about and increase in a preceding response
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What is a negative reinforcer?
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an unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increased probality that a preceding response will occur again
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What is punishment?
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stops behavior; stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again
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Reinforcement increases the frequency of the behavior preceding it; punishment decreases the frequency
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The application of a psositive stimulus brings about an increase in the frequency of behavior and is referred to as a positive reinforcement
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The application of a negative stimulus stops behavior and is called punishment
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The removal of a negative stimulus that results in an increase in the frequency of behavior is termed negative reinforcement
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The removal of a positive stimulus that decreases the behavior is called punishment
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What are schedules of reinforcement?
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different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior
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What is continuous reinforcement schedule?
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reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs
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What is partial(intermittent) reinforcement schedule?
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reinforcing a behavior some but not all of the time
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What is a FIXED-RATIO schedule?
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reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made(i.e.paid after certain number of shirts)
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What is VARIABLE-RATIO schedule?
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reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than a fixed number-high rate of response low extinction-do not know after how many
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What is FIXED-RATIO schedule?
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provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed-overall rates of response low
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What is VARIABLE-RATIO schedule?
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the time between reinforcements varies around some average-not fixed
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What is shaping?
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the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior
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What is behavior modification?
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promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
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What is memory?
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the process by which we encode, store and retrieve information
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What is iconic memory?
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sensory memory that reflects information from the visual system
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What is echoic memory?
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sensory memory that stores auditory information coming from the ears
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What is chunking?
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a meaningful gouping of stimuli that can be stored a s a unit in short-term memory
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What is declarative memory?
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Memory for factual information: faces, names, dates, etc
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What is episodic memory?
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memory for the biographical details of our individual life
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What are flash bulb memories?
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snapshot memories, specific, important or surprising events
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What is the recency effect?
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items presented late in a list are remembered best
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What is the primacy effect?
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Things first in a list are remembered best
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What is the serial positioning effect?
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the ability to recall information in a list depends on where in the list it appears
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What is heuristic?
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a cognitive shortcut that may lead to a solution
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What are algorithms?
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a rule that guarantees a solution to a problem
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What is syllogistic reasoning?
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formal reasoning in which people draw a conclusion from a set of assumptions
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What are concepts?
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categorization of objects, events or people that share common properties
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What are prototypes?
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typical, highly representative examples of a concept
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What are semantics?
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the rules governing the meaning of words and sentences
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What is procedural memory?
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memory for skills and habits sometimes referred to as "non-declarative"
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What is semantic memory?
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memory for general knowledge and facts about the world as well as memory for the rules of logic
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What is transformation?
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an initial state, a goal state and a method for changing the initial state into the goal state
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What is the G or g-factor?
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single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intellignece in some early theories
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What is fluid intelligence?
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Intellegence that reflects information processing capabilities of reasoning andmemory
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What is crystallized intelligence?
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the accumulation of information, skills that are learned and can be applied-declarative
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What is primary reinforcement?
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satisfies some biological need-physical
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What is secondary reinforcement?
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more psychological, praise etc
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What is a cognitive map?
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a mental representation of spatial locations and directions
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What is insight learning?
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a sudden awareness of the relationships among various elements that had previously appeared to be independent
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