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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology (definition and pros and cons of having short def.)
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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EXPERIMENTAL Psychology
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the methodological study of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking.
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COGNITIVE Psychology
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study of sensation, perception, learning and thinking... with emphasis on the higher mental processes
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DEVELOPMENTAL Psychology
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changes in behavior over the life span/womb to tomb. (understanding change and individual differences)
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PERSONALITY Psychology
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examines consistencies in peoples behavior over time and traits that differentiate us from one another. (understanding change and individual differences)
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CLINICAL Psychology
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investigates diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. (physical and mental health)
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Educating Psychologists
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Doctoral Degrees= psychologists
Master's Degrees= counselor or therapist Bachelor's Degrees |
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Doctoral Degree
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Ph.D= more hours in research, less in practice
Psy.D= more hours in practice, less in research |
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The main difference between medical doctors and doctors of psychology is...
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medicine
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Psychology's Roots
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early history, gestalt psychology, structuralism, functionalism.
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gestalt psychology
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the whole is different from the sum of its parts. (part of the roots of psychology)...early 1900's... Led by Hermann Ebbinghaus and Max Wertheimer... focuses on organization of perception and thinking in a "whole" sense rather than on the individual elements of perception... contributes to our understanding of PERCEPTION
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STRUCTURALISM
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-focus on the basic building blocks of perception, conciousness, thinking and emotions.
-introspection= thoughts within somebody, but not a truly scientific technique -(part of psychology's roots) |
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FUNCTIONALISM
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moved from structure to what the mind does and how behavior functions. (part of the roots of psychology)
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process of the scientific method
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identify a question of interest, develop an explanation, conduct research
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difference between educational psychology and school psychology
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educational: concerned with teaching and learning processes (such as relationship between motivation and school performance).
school: counseling students in schools with emotional or academic processes |
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Behavioral Neuroscience
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examines the biological basis of behavior
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John Watson quote
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"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at rando and train him to become any type of specialist I might select-doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chier, and yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors."
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significance of John Watson's quote
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he was a behaviorist... where they stand on "nature vs. nurture" is the NURTURE side. doesn't matter the background, it's how you raise them. It's all about the environment in which they are raised
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metaphore associated with the COGNITIVE perspective
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human thinking is like the workings of a computer
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5 major perspectives in psychology
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- neuroscience
- psychodynamic - behavioral - cognitive - humanistic |
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the NEUROSCIENCE perspective
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views behavior from the perspective of the brain, nervous system, and other biological factors. study of heredity and evolution, etc.
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the PSYCHODYNAMIC perspective
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view that behavior is motivated by unconcious inner forces over which the individual has little control. view slips of tongue as what one is actually thinking. SIGMUND FREUD, etc.
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the BEHAVIORAL perspective
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view that suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of the study. JOHN B. WATSON and B.F. SKINNER, crops up in every byway of psychology
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the COGNITIVE perspective
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focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world. evolved in part from structuralism and in part as a reaction to behavioralism.... the emphasis is on learning how people comprehend and represent the outside world within themselves and how our ways of thinking about the world influence our behavior....HUMAN THINKING IS LIKE WORKINGS OF A COMPUTER... takes information, transforms, stores, and retrieves it... thinking is "information processing"
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the HUMANISTIC perspective
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view that suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior... (humanistic, humans want to be in control)... CARL ROGERS AND ABRAHAM MASLOW... emphasis on free will, ability to make own's decisions... (this is in contrast to determinism-meaning behavior is beyond a person's control), etc.
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PAVLOV
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CLASSICAL conditioning, Pavlov's dog. accidental discovery... was initially working with stomach acids and salivation in dogs in response to certain foods. He recognized that they salivated in response to footsteps or seeing the food.
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SKINNER
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Behavioral... involved in OPERANT conditioning... used SKINNER BOX to study, used rats who learned to press (or operate) lever to get food.... perfected Thorndikes cat/food experiments
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WATSON
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Behavioral: infant baby quote, chose the NURTURE side
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MASLOW
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Humanistic:
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ROGERS
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Humanistic:
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FREUD
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Psychodynamic:
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THORNDIKE
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involved in OPERANT conditioning... "thorndike's law of effect"... responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated
(jami, think to yourself THORNS and DIKES, like spikes, negative things, punishment) |
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Introspection
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procedure used to study the structure of the mind, subjects asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when exposed to stimulus...used to be thought of as something that could reveal the structure of the mind. not a truly scientific technique because there were few ways an outside observer could confirm the accuracy of others' introspections... (a part of structuralism, root of psychology)
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Psychology started geographically...
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-FORMAL BEGINNING in Leipzig, Germany. Wilhelm Wundt established first experimental laboratory, 19th century
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CLASSICAL conditioning
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type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. (mind would be getting excited when I hear "butterfly" on my phone)
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Neutral stimulus
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stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest (the bell because because the dog didn't salivate to it before conditioning)
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UCS
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unconditioned stimulus: stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned (the meat because the dog would salivate) a NATURAL STIMULUS that causes a natural reaction (UCR)
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UCR
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unconditioned response: a response that is natural and needs no training. it is not associated with the previous learning. they are always brought about by the presence of unconditioned stimuli... a NATURAL RESPONSE that was caused by a natural stimulus (UCS)
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CR
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conditioned response: a response, that after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus (the salivation at the ringing of a bell)
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CS
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conditioned stimulus: a once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconitioned stimulus... (the bell was once neutral, but is now conditioned because it creates a CR)
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Little Albert
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a boy having to do with classic conditioning. no fear of spiders, showed the spider and played a loud noise behind him, scared him. now has a phobia of spiders
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smelling cologne you like, PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), phobias, etc. are all brought on by...
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Classical conditioning
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difference between CLASSICAL conditioning and OPERANT conditioning
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Operant: having to operate something, like a mouse in a cage to get food
Classical: deals with stimulus, like Pavlov's dog |
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extinction
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learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears
(occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus) |
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spontaneous recovery
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when a conditioned response that seems to have been extinct, comes back
(the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning) |
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difference between rewards and reinforcers
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rewards: are reinforcers that only satisfy the positive aspect
reinforcers: can be both positive or negative |
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punishment is about...
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behavior
it doesn't matter if YOU think it's considered punishment or not, it's all about the behavior |
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types of reinforcers
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primary: satisfy a biological need
secondary: effective due to previous association with a primary reinforcer |
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types of schedules of reinforcement
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continuous: reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs (learning occurs more rapidly)
intermittent/partial: reinforcing of a behavior some time but not all of the time (behavior lasts longer) Fixed-ratio: schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made (1:10) variable-ratio: schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number (usually averages) fixed-interval: schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsex, rates of response relatively low (weekly paycheck) variable-interval: schedule where time between reinforcements varies around some average, not fixed. (pop quizzes) |
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survey in florida about male violence
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1/4 males said they did scrimes seen from media, focused a lot on media
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latent learning
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learning something but not showing it until a reward/reinforcer is presented
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cognitive learning
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how is it different than operant and classical (end of ch 6)
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know the 80%-20%
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??
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stimulus response
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??
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stimulus response is greatly associated with...
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classical conditioning
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difference between working memory and and short term memory
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working memory is a set of active, temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse informaiton. ... short term is often thought of as the passageway between long-term memory or sensory memory
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learning strategies
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chunking: meaningfully grouping stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory (ex: phone numbers, ss#, credit cards, etc.)
rehearsal: repetition of information that has entered short-term memory.. (flash cards) elaborative rehearsal: when information is considered and organized in some fashion... might mean expanding info to make it fit into logical framework, or linking it to another memory, using mnemonics (ROYGBIV), etc. |
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pathways for memory
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info to sensory, either attended to or not, if yes then into working, either forgotten or not, if not then encoded into long term, either forgotten or retrieved back into working. rehearsal takes it from encoding into working (remaining at long also.. i think)
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serial effect
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idea of primacy and recency, remembering first and last
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primacy and recency effect
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primacy: first
recency: most recent |
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why breaking up reading helps
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primacy and recency effect... we remember the first and last things we read. breaking up our readings gives us many more "start and finish" points.
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types of memory
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procedural: long term memory of skills
working: short term episodic: certain events you remember declarative: contrast to procedural memory (applies to skills), Dec is subject to forgetting but frequently accessed memories can last... (look up online) |
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PROCEDURAL memory
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long-term memory of skills and procedures or "hot to" knowledge.
a form of IMPLICIT memory (no energy required) |
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WORKING memory
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another term for SHORT-TERM memory
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EPISODIC memory
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memory for specific events in time (episodes...) LONG-TERM
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DECLARATIVE memory
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memory about facts... episodic and semantic... LONG-TERM
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retrieval clues
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??
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implicit and explicit memory
(know which one needs energy) |
implicit: doesn't require any energy... things like brushing teeth
explicit: requires conscious control... ENERGY |
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flashbulb memory
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A flashbulb memory is a memory laid down in great detail during a personally significant event, often a shocking event of national or international importance. These memories are perceived to have a "photographic" quality
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disorders with memory
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Alzheimers: ... progressive... dimmensia is Alx... sudden offset is usually an a assault on the brain... Alz. is top 5 of why people die.... clarify more!
Zarsokov's: |
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Korsokov's Syndrome
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chrongic alcoholism that leads to amnesia caused by a vitamen deficentency in a poor diet.
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retro and proactive interference
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retroactive: problem with remembering EARLIER info
proactive: problem with remembering most recent info |
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levels of processing theory
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the more you think, more pathways biuld, know something about consolidation...
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elaborative rehersal
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way of taking rehearsal to another level. using tricks such as mnemonic devises (ROYGBIV) or others to help remember better
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stimulus GENERALIZATIONS and DISCRIMINATIONS in classical conditioning
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generalization: when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned sstimulus; the more similar the two stimuli are, the more likely generalization is to occur
discrimination: when two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another, so that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli |
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OPERANT conditioning
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learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences
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central ideas of operant conditioning
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Reinforcement: the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be reeated
Reinforcer: any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again |
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difference between positive reinforcers and negative reinforcers
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positive reinforcers: stimulus ADDED to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response (probably pleasant)
negative reinforcers: UNPLEASANT stimulus whose REMOVAL leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future |
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difference between negative reinforcement and punishment
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negative reinforcement is removal of an unpleasant stimulus, so neg. reinforcement is to encourage good behavior
punisment: stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again... so punishment is to end a bad behavior |
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2 types of punishment
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positive: punishment by adding something (like spanking)
negative: punishment by taking something away (grounding, no car, no radio, etc.) |
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KEY TO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, positive punishment
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negative reinforcement: taking away a negative stimulus to reward a good behavior (giving more time to curfew)
positive reinforcement: adding a positive stimulus to reward good behavior (buy new car) negative punishment: taking away a positive thing to punish bad behavior (take away car) positive punishment: adding a negative thing to punish bad behavior (hard labor) |
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key difference between cognitive learning and operant/classical conditioning
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cognitive: INTERNAL thoughts
operant/classical: EXTERNAL STIMULI, RESPONSES, REINFORCEMENT |
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COGNITIVE learning theory
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an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning (ex: driving a car takes memory)
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latent learning
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a part of cognitive learning: where a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstratred until some incentive is provided for displaying it... (my ex: I can make A's in classes, but don't show it as much until mom pays me)
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order of long-term memory
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encoding (recording of info)
storage (information saved for future use) retrieval (recovery of stored info) |
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sensory memory
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initial, momentary storage of info, lasting for only an instant
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short-term memory
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memory that holds infor for 15-25 seconds
sometimes referred to as "primary," "working," or "active" memory, is that part of memory which stores a limited amount of information for a few seconds |
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long-term memory
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memory that stores info on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve
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visual stores, verbal stores, and episodic buffers
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visual store: picture
verbal: numbers and letters episodic: event or experience |
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SEMANTIC memory
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refers to knowledge about the external world, such as the function of a pencil
(jami, think cement, concrete things, real objects) |
