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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
This idea is related to personality and is generated by instinctual drives pressing for release |
Psychic energy |
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This component of the psycho dynamic perspective is present at birth, is unconscious, and relates to basic biological urges such as food and sex. |
Id |
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Maximize pleasure, minimize pain. This idea is related to the Id. |
Pleasure principle |
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This theory states that if needs can't be met with reality, fantasy will do |
Primary Process Theory |
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This component of the psychodynamic perspective is seen as the "executive of personality" |
Ego |
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This idea is related to the ego and tests reality to decide when the Id can safely discharge its impulses |
Reality Principle |
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This component of the psychodynamic perspective is the last to develop. It is in charge of morals. |
Superego |
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What are the three sources of anxiety in the psychodynamic perspective ? |
- Reality anxiety: fear of real world threats - Neurotic anxiety: fear of id's desires - Moral anxiety: fear of superego's guilt |
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This defense mechanism is released in socially acceptable/admired behaviour |
Sublimation |
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This defense mechanism attributes impulses to other people ex. I hate you because you hate me |
Projection |
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This defense mechanism involves mentally returning to an earlier, safer state (thumb sucking, bed wetting) |
Regression |
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This defense mechanism involves treating a situation as an intellectually interesting event |
Intellectualization |
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This defense mechanism involves exaggerated opposite behaviour, ex. react to hating your sister by always talking about how much you love her |
Reaction formation |
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This defense mechanism involves converting conflict into physical symptom, Ex. develop blindness so that you will not have to see situation |
Conversion |
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This defense mechanism uses a secondary goal as an outlet, ex. getting angry at something else |
Displacement |
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This defense mechanism involves allowing memories back into consciousness but without motives or emotion. |
Isolation |
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Freud opts for this type of therapy over hypnosis. Involves getting a patient to sit in a chair and talk about anything. |
Free association |
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What are the two pieces of evidence in favor of Freud ? |
Subconscious processing - semantic priming effect Repression - memory lapses during therapy |
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What are the two pieces of evidence against Freud ? |
Dreams - thirsty subjects awoken during REM do not dream of thinking, so dreams don't necessarily represent desires Anthropological evidence - the Oedipus complex is not culturally universal |
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This neoanalyst believes that humans are motivated by social interest and that humans strive for superiority (inferiority complex) |
Adler |
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This neoanalyst believes that humans have a personal and collective consciousness |
Jung |
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Focus on mental representations people form of themselves and others in early life, ex. mother as kind or malevolent, father as protective or abusive |
Object relations |
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This theory states that behaviour is a response to one's immediate conscious experience of oneself and the environment |
Carl Roger's Self Theory |
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Absence of conflict among self-perceptions |
Self-consistency |
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Consistency between self-perceptions and experience. Anxiety comes from experiences that are inconsistent with self-concept |
Congruence |
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Dictate when we approve of ourselves, similar to superego
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Conditions of worth |
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These people have achieved self-actualization, don't hide behind masks or artificial roles |
Fully functioning persons |
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The need to preserve self concept by maintaining self-consistency and congruence |
Self-verification |
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The need to regard yourself positively. Attributing success to personal factors and failures to environmental factors. |
Self-enhancement |
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This theory on personality has 16 basic behaviour clusters and is developed for profiles of artists or athletes. |
Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factors |
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What are the four personality traits that Eysenck developed? |
- Introversion - Extroversion - Unstable - Stabe |
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This personality trait was later added by Eysenck and deals with creativity and nonconformity |
Psychoticism-self control |
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What are the five universal factors? |
Openness, conscientiousness, extraverion, agreeableness & neuroticism (OCEAN) |
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Eysenck believed that extreme _____________ were chronically overarouses, and that extreme ____________ were chronically underaroused |
Introverts, Extroverts |
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This theory states that the person, behaviour and environment all influence each other |
Reciprocal determinism |
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Rotter believed that whether we will do something or not is determined by what to factors? |
Expectancy and Reinforcement value |
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Beliefs concerning one's ability to perform what is needed. What is this factor and what are its four determinants ? |
Self-efficacy - Previous performance attainments - Observational learning - Verbal persuasion - Emotional arousal |
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We expect and perceive high consistency of personality, but in reality it varies greatly with situations |
Consistency paradox |
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What are the two approaches to personality scales ? |
Rational approach - try to determine what introverts would say about themselves (I like spending time alone) Empirical approach - find out what introverts tend to say yes to empirically, whether it makes sense intuitively or not |
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What are the two types of projective tests? |
Rorschach ink blots Thematic Appreception Test - less ambiguous than rorschach |
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When it comes to personality assessment: - Psychodynamic theorists prefer __________ - Humanists prefer ________ - Social cognitive theorists prefer_________ - Trait theorists prefer _________ - Biological personality researchers use ________ |
- Psychodynamic theorists prefer projective tests - Humanists prefer self-report - Social cognitive theorists prefer assessments/sampling - Trait theorists prefer personality scales - Biological personality researchers use brain processes |
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According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, during which stage did the "oedipal complex" occur? |
Phallic stage (4-6) |
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Regarding personality scales, this test is used in the rational approach and measures the Big-Five personality traits |
NEO-PI |
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The empirical approach to personality scales was used to create this. (Most widely used personality inventory)
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MMPI |
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What are the validity scales in the MMPI used for?
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Used to detect tendencies to either present an overly positive picture or exaggerate the degree of psychological disturbance. |
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The personification of all feminine psychological tendencies within a man |
Anima |
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The personification of all masculine psychological tendencies within a woman |
Animus |
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According to Jung, a person who is genderless, who is neither good or bad, who has consciousness and unconsciousness is a person who is... |
Self-realized |
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The occurrence of two events that are not linked casually, yet meaningfully related |
Synchronicity |