Psychology Chapter 12

Front 1

Maslow's Hierarchy of needs

Back 1

people are motivated to achieve certain needs. When one need is fulfilled a person seeks to fulfill the next one, and so on.

Front 2

Lateral hypothalamus

Back 2

Part of hypothalamus that tells when hungry

Front 3

Ventromedial hypothalamus

Back 3

Part of hypothalamus that tells when full (no longer hungry)

Front 4

Yerkes-Dodson law

Back 4

relationship between arousal levels and performance: Increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point. At the point when arousal becomes excessive, performance diminishes.

Front 5

Arousal theory

Back 5

people are driven to perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level of physiological arousal

Front 6

Homeostasis

Back 6

the body's need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium

Front 7

Instinct theory

Back 7

An unlearned behavior that is passed on from generation to generation

Front 8

Drive reduction theory

Back 8

the idea that we are driven by basic biological needs (food, water, shelter etc

Front 9

Need

Back 9

feature that arouses an organism to action toward a goal, giving purpose and direction to behavior

Front 10

Drive

Back 10

an instinctual need that has the power of driving the behaviour of an individual

Front 11

Imprinting

Back 11

any kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior

Front 12

Metabolism

Back 12

some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized

Front 13

Incentive theory

Back 13

behavior is not pushed by a need, it is pulled by a desire. Incentives are stimuli that we are drawn to due to learning.

Front 14

Fixed ratio

Back 14

With this type of operant conditioning reinforcement schedule, an organism must make a certain number of operant responses (whatever it may be in that experiment) in order to receive reinforcement.

Front 15

Shaping

Back 15

gradually molding or training an organism to perform a specific response (behavior) by reinforcing any responses that are similar to the desired response.

Front 16

Token economy

Back 16

reward system used in a behavior modification programs. It involves providing tangible rewards (tokens, food, stickers, etc.) for positive behaviors

Front 17

Secondary reinforcer

Back 17

reinforcing only after the organism has been conditioned to find it reinforcing.

Hint 17

Associated with primary reinforce

Front 18

Primary reinforcer

Back 18

anything that provides reinforcement without the need for learning to an organism. This means that the reinforcer is naturally reinforcing to the organism.

Front 19

Learned helplessness

Back 19

When an organism (person, animal, etc.) is prevented from avoiding some aversive stimulus repeatedly (e.g., continuous electric shocks) the organism will reach a state in which it becomes passive and depressed because he believes that there are no actions it can take to avoid the aversive stimulus

Front 20

Omission training

Back 20

a method in behaviorism used to stop undesirable behaviors.

It occurs when something the subject (the person/animal being trained) enjoys is taken away as punishment for an action or behavior. This is done in hopes to prevent the action/behavior from occurring again.

Front 21

Premack principle

Back 21

some behavior that happens reliably (or without interference by a researcher), can be used as a reinforcer for a behavior that occurs less reliably.

Hint 21

Discovered by David Premack

Front 22

Instrumental learning

Back 22

Process of reinforcing a behavior by consistently giving positive or negative reinforcement

Front 23

Aversive conditioning

Back 23

the use of something unpleasant, or a punishment, to stop an unwanted behavior.

Front 24

Backwards conditioning

Back 24

behavior conditioning method in which the unconditioned stimulus (US) is presented before a neutral stimulus (NS).

Hint 24

Reverse

Front 25

Simultaneous conditioning

Back 25

conditioning that occurs, frequently unintentionally or unplanned, at the same time as formal conditioning or training.

Hint 25

They occur simultaneously

Front 26

Trace conditioning

Back 26

the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and conditioned stimulus (CS) are presented separately with an interval of time in between.

Front 27

Delayed conditioning

Back 27

a time delay between the desired response of an organism and the delivery of reward

Front 28

Variable ratio

Back 28

a type of operant conditioning reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given after an unpredictable (variable) number of responses are made by the organism

Hint 28

Almost identical to fixed ratio except reinforcement is given at random in regards to the organism

Front 29

Variable interval

Back 29

a type of operant conditioning reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given to a response after specific amount of time has passed (an unpredictable amount of time), but this amount of time is on a changing/variable schedule.

Hint 29

Almost identical to fixed interval schedule but the time that it takes varies

Front 30

Latent learning

Back 30

The type of learning that occurs, but you don't really see it (it's not exhibited) until there is some reinforcement or incentive to demonstrate it.

Front 31

Observational learning

Back 31

The process of acquiring information by observing others

Front 32

Common Sense view of emotion

Back 32

First comes conscious awareness then comes physiological response

Front 33

James-Lange theory of emotions

Back 33

suggests emotions are a consequence of our physiological responses to external stimuli followed by identification of the emotion by examining the physical responses.

Front 34

Canon bard theory of emotion

Back 34

an emotion is produced when some stimulus triggers the thalamus to send information simultaneously to the brain (specifically, the cerebral cortex) and the autonomic system (including the skeletal muscles). Thus, the stimulus is perceived at both a physiological and the subjective level.

Front 35

Schacter (two factor) theory of emotion

Back 35

human emotions contain two factors or parts: physical arousal and a cognitive label. According to Schachter, both of these elements must be present for you to experience an emotion.

Front 36

Approach- approach conflict

Back 36

describes the situation where a person is trying to make a choice between two desirable options.