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24 Cards in this Set

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Definition of Psychopathology
Patterns of thinking and behaving that are maladaptive, disruptive, or uncomfortable for the affected person or for others
DSM-IV
the “official North American diagnostic classification system"
Evaluates troubled people on 5 dimensions or axes:
5 Axis
Axis I – Mental Disorders
Axis II – Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation
Axis III – Medical Conditions
Axis IV – Psychosocial or environmental problems
Axis V – Current level of functioning (GAF – a rating from 100 to 1)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Excessive and long-lasting anxiety that is not focused on any particular object or situation
Affects about 3.4% of the US population in any given year, and about 5% of the population at some point in their lives
Panic Disorder
when panic attacks occur frequently and unexpectedly
seen in only about 1 to 2 percent of the population in any given year
Obsessions
repeated, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts or mental images that cause the person great anxiety and distress
Compulsions
a repetitive behavior that a person feels driven to perform
Affects about 2.4% of the US population in any given year
Conversion Disorder
A condition which a person appears to be, but is not, blind, deaf, paralyzed, or insensitive to pain in various parts of the body
Originally known as Hysteria
Accounts for only about 2% of diagnoses


Differs from true physical disabilities:
They tend to appear when a person is under severe stress
They often help reduce that stress by enabling the person to avoid unpleasant situations
The symptoms may be physiologically impossible or improbable
The person may show remarkably little concern about what most people would think was a rather serious problem
Dissociative Fugue
Person outwardly appears completely normal, the person has extensive amnesia and is confused about his identity.
While in the fugue state he suddenly and inexplicably travels away from home. Also, associated with traumatic events or stressful periods.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Extensive memory disruptions for personal information along with the presence of two or more distinctive identities within a single person
Major Depressive Disorder
feels sad and overwhelmed for weeks or months, typically losing interest in activities and relationships and taking pleasure in nothing; exaggerated feelings of inadequacy, worthlessness, hopelessness, or guilt are common
Dysthymic Disorder
pattern of depression to a lesser degree and for a longer period of time (at least 2 years)
Bipolar Disorder
a condition in which a person alternates between the two emotional extremes of depression and mania
Mania – very agitate, usually elated, emotional state
It is rare, occurring in only about 1% of adults
Affects men and women about equally
Cyclothymia Disorder
characterized by an alternating pattern of mood swings that are less extreme than those seen in bipolar disorder
The bipolar equivalent of dysthymic disorder
Information on Suicide
11th leading cause of death in the US
most common among people 65 and older, especially males
3rd leading cause of death after accidents and homicide among 15-24 year olds
2nd leading cause of death among college students
Women attempt suicide 3 times as often as men, but men are 4 times as likely to actually kill themselves

About 28,000 people in the US commit suicide each year, and 10-20 times that many people attempt it
Types of Schizophrenia
Paranoid type – characterized by the presence of delusions, hallucinations (often command hallucinations) or both. This is the most common type of schizophrenia

Catatonic type – highly disturbed movements or actions; complete immobility; "waxy flexibility". This type is very rare

Disorganized type – extremely disorganized behavior, disorganized speech, and flat affect

Undifferentiated type – displays some combination of positive and negative symptoms that does not clearly fit the criteria for the paranoid, catatonic, or disorganized types.

Residual type – applies to people who have had prior episodes of schizophrenia but are not currently displaying symptoms
Hallucinations
False or distorted perceptions that seem vividly real
Most common are auditory; second most common are visual.

A frequent form of auditory is hearing voices

These are often tied to the persons delusional beliefs
Delusions
A falsely held belief that persists in spite of contradictory evidence or appeals to reason
Positive Symptom
Appear as undesirable “additions” to a persons mental life
Delusions or false beliefs
Hallucinations or false perceptions
Severely disorganized thought processes, speech, and behavior
Negative Symptoms
appear to “subtract” elements from normal mental life

Absence of pleasure and motivation
Lack of emotional reactivity
Social Withdrawal
Reduced Speech
Brain imaging differences (less brain tissue in areas of emotional expression, thinking and information processing) have been found with this.
Causes of Schizophrenia
Vulnerability Theory
The diathesis-stress concept forms the basis for this theory
Vulnerability to schizophrenia is mainly biological
Different people have differing degrees of vulnerability
Vulnerability is influenced partly by genetic influences on development and partly by abnormalities that arise from environmental risk factors
Psychological components may help determine whether schizophrenia actually appears and also influences the course of the disorder
Personality Disorders
Long-standing, inflexible ways of behaving that are not so much severe mental disorders as dysfunctional styles of living
Insanity
mental illness that prevents a person from 1)understanding what he was doing, 2)knowing that what he was doing was wrong, and 3)resisting the impulse to do wrong
Incompetent to Stand Trial
if, at the time of the trial, a person accused of a crime is unable to understand the proceedings and charges against them or help in their own defense