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202 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the definition of psychology?
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Science of the behavior and mental processes
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What do we turn to when we try to make sense of the world around us?
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Folk wisdom
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Who was deceived by the reports of fairies?
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Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
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What is bias?
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Beliefs that interfere with objectivity
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What law requires us to adopt the simplest explanation that requires the fewest assumptions of a
phenomena? |
Law of parsimony
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What is the cornerstone of psychology?
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critical thinking
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What should you do BEFORE accepting a statement or claim?
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Consider the possibility of personal bias
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Other than considering bias, what should one also consider before accepting a claim?
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Evaluation of the person's authority making the claim
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Besides bias and evaluation of authority, what else may one consider?
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If the claim is based one scientific observation
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What conveys info about the middle of a distribution, or collection of numbers?
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Average
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What are findings that exceed chance occurence called?
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statistically significant
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What has to happen before a finding is found statistically significant?
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A statistical test must be performed
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What is a correlation
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association between two variables
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Does the fact that two events are correlated prove that one event caused the other?
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No, but knowing them helps to make predictions.
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Give the four guide lines that can be helpful to evaluate a claim.
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1. What is it, and who is making it?
2.Based on scientific observations? 3.What do stats reveal? 4. Are there plausible alternative explanations for the statement or claim? |
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What do psychologists use?
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scientific method
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What is when info is used to develop explainations of different things observed?
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Theory
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What are predictions about future behaviors?
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Hypotheses
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What is an indepth analysis of a person and who made it popular?
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case study-Sigmeud Freud
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What is a major advantage of the case study?
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Allows researchers to gather a lot of info
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What is a major disadvantage of the case study?
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What is learned about one person may not apply to other people
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What is the goal of the case study?
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Info from one person is used to understand the behavior of others
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What is when a psychologist observes behaviors as they occur, without intervention or alteration?
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naturalistic observation
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What are observations that interfere with behavior being studied referred to?
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reactive
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A type of research where Knowing certain info that predicts the future is called what?
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correlational research
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What is info from a scatter plot summarized into a single number called and symoblized by?
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correlation coefficient or r
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What is the correlation coefficient's range?
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-1.00 to +1.00
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What does the number of the correlation coefficient show?
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The strength of the correlation. The higher the more associated.
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What does the sign of the correlation coeff tell?
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Tells the direction of the correlation.
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What is a + correlation?
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The values of one variable increase..head in the same direction.
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What does a - correlation mean?
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The values of the two variables travel in opposite directions.
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How can you have a better prediction with correlations?
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Make it larger
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Why are surveys used?
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Gather large amounts of info
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What is a representative sample?
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Sample of people that represents the entire population
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What can result in different views of the true state of affairs in a survey?
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-nature of the survey
-way the project is conducted |
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What method allows researchers to manipulate certain variables or factor to determine how they affect other variables?
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experimental method
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What is a variable manipulated by a researcher to determine its effects on a dependent variable?
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independent variable
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What is a variable that shows the outcome of an experiment by revealing the effects of an independent variable?
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dependent variable
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What is the careful and precise definition that allows other researchers to repeat an experiment?
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operational definition
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What is the group in an experiment that receives the effect of the independent variable being manipulated?
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experimental group
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What is the comparison group in an experiment that does not receive the effect of the independent variable being manipulated?
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The control group
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In the BOBO doll study, who were the independent or dependent variables?
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IND-observing an aggressive model or unagressive model
DEP-number of blows on the doll |
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Variables other than the independent variable, that can influence the outcome of an experiment.
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extraneous variable
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Give an example of an extraneous variable
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The group being boys assigned the the aggressive model
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Assignment of experimental participants of two or more groups on the basis of choice.
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random assignment
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What are procedures used ti summarize a set of numbers so that you can understand and talk about them more intelligibly? ex- grade on a test
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descriptive statistics
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What are procedures used to analyze data after an experiment is conducted to determine if an independent variable had any significant effect?
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inferential stats
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What are some things included in research ethics?
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confidentiality,protection from harm,voluntary participation,deception and intimidation
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What is the document that indicates that the participant knows the nature of the research and agreed to do?
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informed consent
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What must happen after a study that involves deception?
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a debriefing-
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Where can the origins of psychology be traced and what year?
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University of Leipzig in Germany 1879
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Who is credited with establishing the first psychology lab?
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Wundt
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What is the earliest approach in modern psychology with goal to analyze the basic elements of conscious experience?
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structuralism-Wundt
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What is the structural psychologists major method in which participants reported the contents of their conscious experience? Who did this?
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introspection-Titchener
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What is the study of higher mental processes, such as thinking,knowing,and deciding?
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cognitive psychology
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What is the approach to psychology that focuses on the purposes of conciousness?
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functionalism-W. James
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What is the approach to psychology that most noted for emphasizing that our perception of a whole is different from our perception of the individual stimuli?
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Gestalt
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Who described the visual illusion of apparent motion?
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Wertheimer
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What is the perspective that focuses on observable behavior and emphasizes the learned nature of behavior?
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behavioral perspective
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Who observed how organisms learn to associate events in their environments?
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Ivan Pavlov
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Who believed that psychology should be concerned not with the mind or conciousness but solely with observable behaviors?
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Watson
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Who is known as the greatest contemporary psychologist?
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Skinner
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Who thought that behavior changes resulted of its consequences?
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Skinner
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What view taken by Freud and followers suggested that normal and adnormal behaviors are determined primarily by unconscious forces?
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psychodynamic perspective-FREUD
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What treatment approach attempts to bring unconcious causes of distress to the concious level? Who?
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psychoanaltyic therapy-FREUD
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What is the approach to psychology that emphasized free will and individual's control of their own behavior?
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humanistic perspective
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Who is associated with the humanistic perspective?
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Maslow and Rogers
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What is the view of behaviors and mental processes that can be understood by studying the underlying physiology?
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physiological perspective
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What is the interest in the role of physiological structure or behavior plays in helping an organism adapt to its environment?
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evolutionary perspective
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Who discovered brain receptors for the neurotransmitters called endorphins and enkephalin?
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Pert
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What is the view that focuses on the study of how thought occurs, how our memories work, and how info is organized and stored?
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cognitive perspective
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Who was the first woman to be elected to president of the American Psychological ASsoc?
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Calkins
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Who was the researcher whom was declined a regular position because she was married?
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Ladd-Franklin
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Who was the first African American woman to receive a doctoral degree in educational psychology?
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Prosser
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Who was the first African American to receive a PHD in psyc?
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Sumner
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Who was the first AA to serve as president of APA?
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Clark
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What is the view that psychologists should be concerned with the interactions among human behavior, the pop and environ?
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enviro,pop,and conservation perspective
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What is an eclectic approach to psychology?
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View that combines several different approaches
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What is the specialty of psychology that involvves the diagnosis and treatment of psyco disorders?
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clinical psych
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Md with specialized training in the med treatment of mental and emotional disorders
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psychiatrist
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Specialty of psych that deals with less serious problems than those treated by clinical psychologists
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counseling psychology
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One who conducts and reports results of eperiments
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research psychologist
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The view that other cultures are an extension of one's own
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ethnocentrism
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What is a branch of psyology that seeks to determine if results are universal and can be applied to other cultures?
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cross cultural psychology
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What is physiological mechanisms of learning, behavior and memory called?
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biopsychology or neuropsycholohy
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What are theoretical and practical aspects of psychological testing and measurement?
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psychometrics
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What is a psychologist whose specialty encompasses diagnosing and treating learning disabilities and providing consultation on other problems of school age children?
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school psychologist
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What is a psychologist who applies psychology to problems of businesses and other organizations?
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industrial/organizational psychologist
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What is a specialty of psychology that studies consumers and choices they make?
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consumer psychology
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What is the subfield of psychology that is concerned with how psychological and social variables affect health and illness?
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health psychology
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What is a psychologist that applies psychology and law to legal proceedings?
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forensic psychologist
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What is a psychologist that provides services to athletes and coaches based on psychological principles?
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sport psychologist
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What is a psychologist trained in the diagnosis and rehab of brain disorders?
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neuropsychologist
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Who said "Those Who Forget History are Doomed to Repeat It?"
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Santayana
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What holds society together?
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obedience
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What kind of psychologist was Milgram?
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social psychologist
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Who had the idea of conformity?
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Solomon Asch
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How was behavior effected in Solomon Asch's conformity?
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-behavior was influenced by peers
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Name the three people involved in the Milgram experiment.
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1-authority
2-stooge 3-the subject |
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What is a stooge?
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A confederate or someone that is IN on the experiment.
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What did psych professionals predict about people pulling the levers?
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less than 1% would do it
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What is the only time that people think they are not in control of themselves?
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in times of physical threat or force
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What was the conflict people were faced with during Milgram's experiment?
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hurting someone versus disobedience
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How many people went all of the way when the stooge was in a separate room?
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65% went beyond to 450 volts
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When did the stooge issue no response?
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at 300 volts
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When the stooge added screaming during Milgram's experiment, how many people went on to 450 volts?
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62,5% did
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When Milgram added proximity during his experiment, how many people went on to 450 volts?
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40%
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How many people went on to 450 volts with a touch proximity?
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30%
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Give 9 ways that teachers reduced the strain they were under during Milgram's experiment.
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Avoidance,denial,subterfuge,devalue the victim,physical onversions,agentic state,tuning,redefining the situation,loss of responsibility.
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What is the agentic state?
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When one sees themselves as an agent of someone else.
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During the RN-MD relationship study, what happened?
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A fake doctor called to deliver orders to give overdoses of astroten. They knew that the doctor was telling them that they were overdoses- and still went on their way to administer it. 20 were stopped on their way.
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What is My Lai?
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19 year old ordered to kill babies-obedience to authority
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What is a PH D?
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a doctorate of philosophy in...
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Who used the method of introspection?
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Wundt
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What was William Wundt's goal?
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to analyze contents of consciousness
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What was Watson's definition of psychology?
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The study of observable and overt behavior
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What is overt behavior?
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Observable behavior-pacing,body language,etc.
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What is covert behavior?
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thinking, unobservable behavior
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What are conditional emotional reactions?
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phobias
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What was the experiment of Little Albert?
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Steel bar and hammer make noise at sight of white rat.-scared Albert- possible learned phobia-scared of animals
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Who did the study of human sexual behavior by hooking up individuals during sex?
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Masterson and Johnson
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Who was the first person to study human sexual behavior and how did they do it?
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Watson-had sex with Rosalie Rayner and hooked up to machines
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To be a clinical psychologist- what do you have to have?
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phD or PsyD
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How are clinical psychologists similar to psychiatrists?
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Can diagnose and treat mental disorders
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How are psychiatrists and clinical psychologists differnet?
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A psychiatrist is a medical doctor and does its residency in a psych hospital
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What type of drug has been administered to a schizophrenic patient who has a shuffle and gum rattling?
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Thorazine
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What is the type of medication that treats everything and has sexual side effects?
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prozac
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What is a medicine administered to people with anxiety that has drowsy side effects?
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Valium
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What two things can a psychiatrist do that a psychologist cannot?
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administer drug treatments and perform psychosurgery
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What is a frontal lobotomy?
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Cutting connections between front lobe and emotional parts of the brain
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What is ECT used for?
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depression
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What is the consolidation hypothesis?
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Biological process that lays down a memory interruption so there is no remembrance
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Why was EXT administered?
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for deep depression or suicidal patients for fast results
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What does a social psychologist do?
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studies group behaviors
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Name some things that a social psychologist may be interested in.
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obedience,conformity,aggression,interpersonal attraction
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What is bystander apathy?
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Tendency of people in groups to not help someone who is in trouble
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What does a industrial or organizational psychologist do?
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designs equipment,tests for employment,
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What kinds of things may a health psychologist be interested in?
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smoking reduction,weight control,hostility and heart disease
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Give some examples of a Type A person.
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impatience,quick,competitive
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What reduces type A behavior?
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humor
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What might a forensic psychologist be interested in?
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eval of prisoners,jury selection, eval witnesses on eyewitness testimonies
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What are implanted memories?
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Creation of things that never happened in memories
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WHAT IS THE OBJECTIVE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH?
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TO AVOID BIAS
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WHAT DID THE EXAMPLE OF DOYLE AND HOUDINI ILLUSTRATE?
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THE LAW OF PARSIMONY- HOUDINI EITHER DID MAGIC OR A TRICK- SWALLOWED THE KEY TO THE HANDCUFFS
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WHAT IS THE RESEARCH METHOD WHEN A BEHAVIOR IS OBSERVED WITHOUT INTERVENTION?
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NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
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WHAT DID THE TRIP TO MCDONALDS AND SEAT BELT EXPERIMENTS ILLUSTRATE?
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NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
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WHAT IS THE RESEARCH METHOD THAT INVOLVES AN IN DEPTH ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE INDIVIDUAL OR ANIMAL?
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CASE STUDY
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WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF TED BUNDY AND LITTLE ALBERT ILLUSTRATING?
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CASE STUDIES
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WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH CASE STUDIES?
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THEY MAY NOT GENERALIZE
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WHAT IS THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT?
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R
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WHAT IS A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE?
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EVERY INDIVIDUAL HAS AN EQUAL CHANCE OF BEING IN THE SAMPLE STUDIED
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WHO DID THE STUDY ON FLASH BULB MEMORY?
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KULIK AND BROWN
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WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE AND DESCRIPTION OF FLASH BULB MEMORY?
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JFK DEATH 911 - REMEMBER A SUDDEN PLACE AND TIME WHEN YOU HEARD SOMETHING WAS OCCURING
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WHAT IS THE ONLY RESEARCH METHOD THAT ADDRESSES CAUSE AND EFFECT?
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THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
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WHICH VARIABLE LEADS TO THE OTHER IN THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD?
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IV LEADS TO DV
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WHICH VARIABLE IS CHANGED AND MANIPULATED?
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THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
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WHICH VARIABLE IS THE OUTCOME OF THE EXPERIMENT?
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THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE
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SORT THESE WORDS INTO IVS AND DVS. WEIGHT, DIET, EXERCISE, COMMUTE TIME, HEART DISEASE, BLOOD PRESSURE
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IV-DIET EXERCISE COMMUTE TIME
DV-WEIGHT,HEART DISEASE,BP |
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WHAT IS THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD A PART OF?
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THE CNS
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WHAT DOES THE SOMATIC PNS COVER FOR?
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SENSES AND MOTOR MOVEMENTS
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WHAT DOES THE AUTONOMIC PNS COVER FOR?
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AUTO RESPONSE
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WHAT SYSTEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR FIGHT OR FLIGHT?
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SYMPATHETIC
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WHAT IS IT WHEN SOMEONE CALLS UPON THE SYMPATHETIC RESPONSE TOO OFTEN AND HAS THE POSSIBILITY OF DEATH?
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PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDER
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WHAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR REST AND RELAXATION?
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THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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WHO THOUGHT THE BRAIN WAS LIKE A MUSCLE?
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FRANZ GALL
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WHAT IS PHRENOLOGY?
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BUMPS ON THE HEAD THAT INDICATED BRAIN DAMAGE ON CERTAIN PARTS OF THE BRAIN
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WHAT IS IT THAT THERE ARE CERTAIN PARTS OF THE BRAIN THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR CERTAIN FUNCTIONS?
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LOCALIZATION OF FUNCTION
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WHAT WAS DISCOVERED DURING THE FRANCO PRUSSION WAR?
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THE MOTOR STRIP,CONTRALATERALIZATION,
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WHAT WAS WRONG WITH TAN IN HIS CASE?
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BROCA'S AREA WAS DAMAGED
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WHAT IS THE BROCA'S AREA AND WERNICKE'S AREAS KNOWN FOR?
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BROCA- RESPONSIBLE FOR BEING ABLE TO COMMUNICATE THROUGH TALKING
WERNICKE- UNDERSTANDING OF LANGUAGE |
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WHAT IS THE DISEASE THAT MEANS DIFFICULTY WITH LANGUAGE?
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APHASIA
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WHO DISCOVERED BROCA'S AREA?
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BROCA
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WHAT MECHANISM MEASURES BRAIN ELECTRICITY?
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EEG
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WHAT IS THE EXAMPLE USED TO DESCRIBE WHAT IS GOING ON INSIDE OF THE HEAD UNDER SUPERVISION OF EEG?
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FOOTBALL STADIUM
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WHAT ARE THE BRAIN WAVES THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR RELAXED,CALM,LUCID AND NOT THINKING STATE?
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ALPHA WAVES
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WHAT IS THE WAVELENGTH OF ALPHA WAVES?
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9-13 HZ
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WHAT BRAIN WAVES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR DEEP RELAXATION AND MEDITATION WITH MENTAL IMAGERY?
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THETA
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WHAT IS THE WAVELENGTH OF THETA WAVES?
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4-8 HZ
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WHAT BRAIN WAVES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ACTIVELY PROCESSING INFORMATION,AWAKENESS,AND NORMAL ALERT CONCIOUSNESS?
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BETA WAVES
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WHAT IS THE FREQUENCY OF BETA WAVES"?
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14-30 HZ
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WHAT IS THE WAVES RESPONSIBLE FOR DEEP, DREAMLESS SLEEP?
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DELTA WAVES
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WHAT IS THE FREQ OF DELTA WAVES?
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1-3 HZ
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WHAT KIND OF WAVES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP WALKING?
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DELTA WAVES
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WHAT OCCURED TO CHILDREN WHEN GIVEN MEDS FOR SLEEPWALKING?
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MADE SLOW WAVE SLEEP AND STOPPED GROWTH HORMONES
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WHAT WAS KAREN EXPERIENCING WHEN SHE AWOKE SCREAMING, SCRATCHING, STANDING, AND SWEATY?
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NIGHT TERRORS
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HOW MUCH DOES THE BRAIN WEIGH?
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3 POUNDS
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WHAT ARE CONVULTIONS OF THE BRAIN?
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RIDGES AND VALLEYS OF THE BRAIN
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WHAT IS THE CEREBRUM SEPARATED INTO/
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L AND R HEMISPHERES
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WHAT IS THE BAND OF TISSUE THAT CONNECTS THE L AND R HEMISPHERES THAT LOOKS LIKE A BANANA?
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CORPUS CALLOSUM
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WHAT RELAYS INFO BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN THE L AND R BRAIN?
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CORPUS CALLOSUM
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WHAT THREE PARTS OF THE BRAIN PARTICIPATE IN MOTOR MOVEMENT?
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CEREBELLUM,FRONTAL LOBE, BASAL GANGLIA
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WHAT EFFECT DOES ALCOHOL HAVE ON THE CEREBELLUM?
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AFFECTS MOTOR MOVEMENT BY DESTROYING CELLS
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WHAT LOBE OF THE BRAIN CONTAINS BROCAS AREA AND THE MOTOR STRIP?
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FRONTAL LOBE
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WHAT LOBE CONTAINS THE SOMATOSENSORY STRIP?
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PARIETAL LOBE
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WHAT LOBE CONTAINS WEINKE'S AREA?
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TEMPORAL LOBE
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WHAT LOBE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR VISUAL PROCESSING?
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OCCIPITAL
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WHAT LOBE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING?
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FRONTAL
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WHAT LOBE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR REGISTERING WHAT IS GOING ON IN THE BODY AND SENSING?
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PARIETAL
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WHAT LOBE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR HEARING, LANGUAGE, AND UNDERSTANDING?
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TEMPORAL
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WHAT PART OF THE BRAIN HAS ALL SENSORY INFO GO THROUGH IT EXCEPT FOR SMELL?
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THALAMUS
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WHAT BRAIN PART IS THE PARASYMPATHETIC FIGHT,FLIGHT,FEEDING,AND FORNICATING?
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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WHAT BRAIN PART IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MEMORY CONSOLIDATION?/
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HIPPOCAMPUS
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