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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define learning |
The process of acquiring information and behaviors |
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Associative learning |
Learning by association between events that occur regularly next to each other; expecting what will happen. Produce a negative or positive consequence. (Clouds with rain) |
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Habit formative |
Build habits based on our learned associations of events that occur close together. (Coffee at work) |
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Conditioning |
Linking one behavior with its outcome. (Cause and effect) |
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Unconditioned responses |
Certain stimuli evoke automatic or reflexive responses. (salivation to food) |
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Stimulus |
An event that evokes a response. |
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Classical conditioning |
Association between uncontrolled events. (grandmas house+ cookies) |
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Acquisition |
Pairing of neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus. (Dog + bell) |
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Extinction |
If conditioned stimulus is revealed without unconditioned stimulus the conditioned response will stop occurring. (bell-food=no saliva) |
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Spontaneous recovery |
There is a break in presentation of the conditioned stimulus and it is again presented after a pressure, the conditioned response with reoccur but will be weaker. (getting on a plane after years) |
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Generalization |
When a neutral stimulus similar to a conditioned stimulus is presented it may elicit a unconditioned response. (a dog sits when you tell it to & when tell it to kick) |
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Discrimination |
We eventually learn the difference between conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli. (the dog eventually learns the difference between sit and kick) |
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Operant condition |
We learn to associate a behavior with its consequence. (positive or negative) |
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Edward Thorndike's law of effect |
Organisms will be more likely to elicit behaviors that have positive consequences in the future. (cat in the box) |
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B.f. Skinner: operant conditioning |
Actions followed by reinforcers will increase in frequency. (child puts away his toys and gets a reward) |
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Operant behavior |
Behavior that operates on rewarding or punishing stimuli. (dogs comes when commanded because it knows it will get a treat) |
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Shaping |
Rewarding successive approximations to the desired behavior. (bigger reward each time a child does sits longer) |
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Primary reinforcers |
Ex: Give good when hungry, removal of pain |
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Conditioned reinforcers |
Ex: Money & attention |
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Positive reinforcement |
Give rewards |
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Negative reinforcement |
Take away something bad |
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Positive punishment |
Ex: getting hit after hitting someone |
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Negative punishment |
Ex: taking away a favorite toy |
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Immediate vs delayed |
The amount of time between the behavior and the reward |
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Continuous reinforcement |
A desirable behavior every time it occurs. |
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Intermittent reinforcement |
Reinforcing a behavior only sometimes. |
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Schedule of reinforcement. |
Ratio (portion). Interval (time period). Fixed (reward every time). Variable (unpredictable). |
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The behaviorist legacy |
Belted that the basic law of learning were the same for all animals. |
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Cognitive learning |
We acquire information that guides our behavior without bring rewarded or punished for it. (skinny person thinks they are fat) |
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Extrinsic |
Motivated by rewards or punishment |
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Intrinsic |
Self motivated behavior |
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Observational learning |
Learning the experiences of others without being directly rewarded and punished. (watched someone else) |
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Latent learning |
Learned behaviors that were never rewarded until there is a string incentive. (get good grades but gets rewards after all A's) |
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Primary reinforcer |
Not having to learn to like something (eating food) |
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Secondary reinforcer |
Conditioned to like something (money) |
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Higher order conditioning |
When a neutral stimulus is conditioned to a conditioned stimulus(dog and bell) |
