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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
associative learning
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learning that certain events occur together.
The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning). |
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classical conditioning
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a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more simuli and anticipate events
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behaviorism
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the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
Most research psychologists agree with (1) but not (2). |
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unconditioned response (UR)
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in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
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unconditioned stimulus (US)
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in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically- triggers a response.
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conditioned response (CR)
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in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
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conditioned stimulus (CS)
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in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).
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acquisition
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in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. |
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higher-order conditioning
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a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.
Also called second-order conditioning. |
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extinction
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the diminishing of a conditioned response (CR).
Occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. |
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spontaneous recovery
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the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response (CR)
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generalization
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the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
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discrimination
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in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus (US).
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respondent behavior
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behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
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operant conditioning
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a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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operant behavior
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behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
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law of effect
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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
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operant chamber
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in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as the Skinner Box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
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shaping
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an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
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reinforcer
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in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
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positive reinforcement
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increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli.
A "positive reinforcer" is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens that response. |
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negative reinforcement
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increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli.
A "negative reinforcer" is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. |
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primary reinforcer
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an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
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conditioned reinforcer
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a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.
Also known as a secondary reinforcer |
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continuous reinforcement
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reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
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partial (intermittent) reinforcement
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reinforcing a response only part of the time.
Results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. |
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fixed-ratio schedule
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reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
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variable-ratio schedule
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reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
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fixed-interval schedule
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reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
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variable-interval schedule
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reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
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cognitive map
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a mental representation of the layout of one's environment
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latent learning
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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
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intrinsic motivation
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a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
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extrinsic motivation
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a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
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observational learning
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learning by observing others
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modeling
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the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
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mirror neurons
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frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.
The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. |
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prosocial behavior
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positive, constructive, helpful behavior.
The opposite of antisocial behavior. |