Psych Test Chapters 1-3

Front 2

Wilhem Wundt

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-The father of experimental psychology
-a german psysiologist
-established first laboratory for the study of psychology in 1879
-major contribution: helped make psychology an independent, experimental scientific discipline

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Wundt's definition of psychology:

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the scientific study of consciousness

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introspection:

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the careful, systematic observations of ones own conscious experience

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What are the first 5 major schools of thought in psychology

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1.structuralism
2.functionalism
3.behaviorism
4.psycholanalysis
5.humanistic

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Structuralism

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main guy: edward titchener
-student of wundt
-questioned: what is consciousness made of?
- structuralism focused on analyzing consciousness into its basic elements using introspection

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Functionalism

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main guy: William James
-an america philosopher/psychologist
-questioned: what is consciousness good for?
-led to investigation of developmental patterns
-led to emergence of applied psychology
-influenced by darwin

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Behaviorism- watson

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John Watson
-american psychologist
-believed psychology should be the scientific study of observable behavior, not the learning of behavior
-behaviorism emphasized the learning and the influence of the environment on the learning of behavior
-believed in nurture, not nature
-domintated psych through the 60s
behaviorists were tired of the subject matter and the status of the subject and introspection
- Watson was very confident in his ideas.

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Behaviorism- skinner

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Skinner focused on observable behavior and on learning.
- believed our actions were determined by the consequences of our actions
-interested in the idea that our behavior is shaped by consequences

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What did the behaviorists believe was the issue with introspection?

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-you can never really know what goes on in someones head, all people are different and think differently

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Beyond Freedom and Dignity

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-book written by skinner in 1971
-was an attempt to promote "cultural engineering"
- skinner believed that free will and the moral autonomy of the individual are mere "fictions"
-believed that free will doesn't exist because there is ALWAYS something influencing behavior

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Psychoanalysis

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Freud- austrian physician/psychiatrist
-his approach to psychology grew out of efforts to treat mental disorders
-had large emphasis on unconscious processes influencing behavior
ex-you don't know why you do what you do, the reasoning in buried deep in your subconscious

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why behaviorism and psychoanalytic theories were unappealing to many

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-both went beyond their data
-overemphasis on animal research (theories about pidgeon behavior cannot be transferred to people)

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Humanism

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-led by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
-emphasis on the unique qualities of humans: freedom and personal growth
-contrasted behaviorists and psychoanalysts

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What is Psychology?

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The science that studies behavior and the cognitive processes that underlie it, and it is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems
-psychology is both a science and a profession

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seven major research areas

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-cognitive psychology
-developmental psychology
-experimental psychology
-personality psychology
-physiological psychology
-social psychology
-psychometrics

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4 applied areas

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1.Counseling
2.Clinical
3. Educational
4. industrial/organizational

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Wars influence on psychology as a profession

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during WWII many psychologists were recruited to screen military recruits, and treat soldiers suffering from trauma
-after the war over40000 soldiers returned needing psychological help (PTSD)

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Cognition

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The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge
-involved thinking/conscious behavior

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Cognitive theorists

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Believed you must study internal mental events to fully understand human behavior- mental processes influence how he behave

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Evolutionary psychology

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-examined the behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generation
-natural selection favors behaviors that enhance organisms reproductive success

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Advantages of scientific approach

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1.Clarity and precision
2.Intolerance of error

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goals of scientific approach

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1.Measurement and description
2.understanding and prediction
3.Application and control

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basic assumption of scientific approach

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all events are governed by some lawful order ( human behavior is always influenced by some sort of rules/laws

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Descriptive methods

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1.naturalistic approach
2.survey research
3.case studies
4.correlational design

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Naturalistic observation

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a naturalistic observer engages in careful observation without interevening directily with the subject

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case studies

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an in-depth investigation of an individual subject

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surveys

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-questionnaires or interviews to gather info about specific aspects of participants background and behavior
-often used to info on aspects of behavior difficult to directly observe

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correlational design

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-correlational methods permit investigators to see whether there is a link or association between variables

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correlation

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a correlation exists when two variables are related to one another
-correlations can be positive or negative

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postitve correlation

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indicates two variables change in the same direction

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negative correlation

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indicates the two variables co-vary in the opposite direction

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correlation coefficient

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a numerical index of the degree of a correlational relationship
-can vary between 0 and 1.00 or 0 and -1.00
-the closer the coefficient is to +/- 1 the stronger the corelation
-just because it is positive/negative doesn't make it bad/good

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causal

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NOT CASUAL- something causing something else
- a high correlation doesn't allow you to predict one variable based on the knowledge of the other. you cannot definitively say a causes b

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variable

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2 or more different values

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hypothesis

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and educated guess

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advantage of correlational methods

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you can explore questions that cannot be, or would be difficult to be examined experimentally

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disadvantage of correlational methods

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you cannot make causal claims based on a descriptive/correlational design

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experiment

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manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed

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independent variable

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condition or event varied by the experimenter to see its impact on another variable

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dependent variable

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variable affected by manipulation of the independent variable

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advantages of experimentation

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-precise control
-conclusions about cause-and-effect can be drawn

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disadvantages of experimentation

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-can seem artificial
-experimenter bias can influence results
-ethical/practical issues

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ethical issue of use of deception?

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-should researchers be allowed to mislead participants?

Front 45

advantages of deception

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-some important issues could not be investigated
-emperical evidence suggests that deception isn't harmful to subjects

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disadvantages of deception

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-it is inherently immmoral and may undermine participant's trust in others
-deceptive studies often create stress for subjects
-ability to trust others may be compromised

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ethical standards for research

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-ensures both human and animal subjects are treated with dignity
required:
-institutional review board
-informed consent
-debriefing

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CNS

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brain && spinal cord

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PNS

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nerves to rest of the body
somatic && autonomic

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afferent nerves

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carry neural impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

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efferent nerves

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carry the neural impulse to skeletal muscles and glands (voluntary movements)

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Autonomic

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regulates activity of involuntary "smooth muscles" and certain glands
-parasympathetic (relaxation)
-sympathetic (arousal)

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the neural impulse :The Action Potential
neuron, inactive, active

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neuron: a tiny battery capable of producing a spark of electricity
inactive: tiny negative electrical charge called a resting potential exists inside the neuron
active: a very brief shift in the electrical charge within the neuron creates an action potential which is also called the neural impulse

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soma

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cell body

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dendrites

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branching structures that receive signals from other cells

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axon

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fiber that carries signals away from soma to other cells

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myelin sheath

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insulating material that encases some axons

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myelin sheath

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insulating material the encases some axons

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terminal buttons

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small knobs at ends of axons that release neurotransmitters at synapses

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acetylcholine

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skeletal muscle movements, attention && possibly memory

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Dopamine

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ability to execute smooth, controlled movements, positive emotions

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seratonin

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sleep/wakefullness, eating, aggressive behavior, role in depression

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norepinephrine

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stress response, regulation of mood, role in depression

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endorphins

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role in pain reduction

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phrenology

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early study of the brain
-feel around your skull and tell you about your personality
-no scientific basis

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Computerizes Tomogrophy

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CT scan- x rays
-3D images of the brain

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Positron Emission Tomography

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PET scan
-radioactive markers- must drink glucose
-lights up when you think

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MRI

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produces 3D images
-uses radiowaves and not x-rays

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Functional MRI

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-hottest method
-maps out in real time whats going on in your brain by looking at blood flow

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Thalamus

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way station for sensory information

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Hypothalamus

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the four "F"s- the basic biological needs related to survival (feeding, fighting, fleeing, mating)

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Mid Brain

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reticular formation- best known for role in sleep and arousal

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Pons

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sleep and arousal, respiration, relaying sensory information, possibly dreaming

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Medulla Oblongata

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breathing, circulation, muscle tone

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cerebellum

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coordination of movement, balance, fine motor skills

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cerebrum

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seat of complex thought

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limbic system

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seat of complex thought

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cerebral cortex

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-the outer, visible regions (gyri)
-grooves= sulci
-the deepest sulci are called fissures

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left hemisphere

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-initially viewed as the dominant hemisphere
-language, speech, reading, writing

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right hemisphere

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-initially considered the stupid hemisphere
-spatial, musical, visual recognition

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brain plasticity

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- the lifelong ability of the brain to reorganize neural pathways based on new experiences
-brain cells change their function and shape and they take on the functioins of the damaged of missing cells

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developmental psychology

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-looks at human development accross the life span
-once focused primarily on child development, but has moved more towards adolescence, adulthood, and old age

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social psychology

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focuses on interpersonal behavior and the role of social forces in governing behavior. typical topics include attitude formation, attitude change, prejudice, conformity, attraction, aggression, intimate relationships, and behavior in groups

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experimental psychology

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sensation, perception, learning, conditioning, motivation, and emotion.

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physiological psychology

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examines the influence of genetic factors on behavior and te role of the brain, nervous system, endocrine system, and bodily chemicals in the regulation of behavior

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cognitive psychology

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focuses on higher mental processes, ie memory, reasoning, information processing, language, problem solving, decision making, and creativity

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personality

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interested in describing and understanding consistancy in behavior, which represents their personality. this area of interest is also concerned with the facrots that shape personality and with personality assessment

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psychometrics

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concerned with the measurement of behavior and capacities, usually through the development of psychological tests

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clinical psychology

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concerned with evaluation, diagnosis, and treatement of individuals with psych disorders. interviewing people, testing and providing psychotherapy