Psych Final

Front 1

circadian rhythm

Back 1

cyclical changes that occur on a 24-hour basis; disrupted by jet lag, graveyard work shifts

Front 2

biological clock

Back 2

located in SCN in hypothalamus

Front 3

loss of 1 night of sleep

Back 3

edgy, irritable, low concentration

Front 4

multiple nights of sleep lost

Back 4

depression, difficulty learning new info

Front 5

more than 4 nights of sleep lost

Back 5

brief hallucination

Front 6

other consequences of sleep loss

Back 6

weight gain, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart problems, weakened immune system

Front 7

Stage 1 of Sleep (non-REM)

Back 7

a. Brain powers down by 50% or more, produces waves 4-7 times/second (theta waves)
b. Experience Hypnagogic imagery and hypnic myclonia
c. 5-10 minutes

Front 8

Stage 2 of sleep (non-REM)

Back 8

heart rate slows, body temp decreases, muscles relax, eye movements cease; we see sleep spindles and k-complexes; 10-30 minutes

Front 9

Stage 3/4 of sleep (non-REM)

Back 9

Deep sleep, delta waves occur in 1 or 2 times/second; 15-30 minutes

Front 10

Stage 5 paradoxical or REM sleep

Back 10

Follows stage 3/4 and short return to 2; brain is most active and dreaming, increased heart rate and blood pressure, rapid/irregular breathing, release of acetylcholine, 10-20 minutes; body is paralyzed

Front 11

insomnia causes

Back 11

a. depression, pain, med conditions
b. stress, rel'n probs, jet lag, caffeine
c. Restless leg syndrome

Front 12

insomnia treatments

Back 12

psychotherapy, sleeping pills

Front 13

narcolepsy

Back 13

plummet into REP sleep, may experience cataplexy, may be caused by lack of brain cells that produce orexin

Front 14

narcolepsy treatment

Back 14

short naps, antidepressant/stimulant meds, avoiding alcohol/caffeine

Front 15

dream protection theory

Back 15

dreams are protectors of sleep; to repress sexual and aggressive tendencies the dream-work transforms them into symbols (dreams)

Front 16

manifest content

Back 16

details of dream itself

Front 17

latent content

Back 17

true, hidden meaning

Front 18

activation-synthesis theory

Back 18

1. Pons transmit random signals to thalamus, which relays info to forebrain
2. Forebrain attempts to create story to fit together incomplete info it receives

Front 19

role of forebrain

Back 19

decreased activity in logical centers of forebrain allow hallucinatory images from emotional centers to run wild

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neurocognitive perspective

Back 20

1. Content of dreams is driven in part by cognitive development
2. Dreams are more consistent than what would be expected if they were only driven by random neural impulses

Front 21

causes of deja vu

Back 21

1. small seizures in right temporal lobe
2. dual processing theory- when input from separate neural pathways that process sensory info is out of sync

Front 22

Hypnosis Myth 1: Hypnosis is trance state where amazing things happen

Back 22

Truth: people who are more suggestible are selected by hypnotist while still awake

Front 23

Hypnosis Myth 2: Hypnotic Phenomena are Unique

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Truth- people can experience many hypnotic phenomena without being hypnotized

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Myth 3: Hypnosis is a sleep-like state

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Hypnosis is not related to sleep, Brain waves are not the same

Front 25

Myth 4: Hypnotized people are unaware of surroundings

Back 25

People can hear phone conversations in same room

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Myth 5: Hypnotized people forget what happened during hypnosis

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Spontaneous amnesia is rare and occurs mainly among those who expect it

Front 27

Myth 6: Hypnosis improves memory

Back 27

Produces more inaccurate than accurate memories, increases confidence in inaccurate eyewitness testimony

Front 28

socio-cognitive theory

Back 28

a. People's attitudes about hypnosis shape their response
b. Those told they can resist hypnosis are more able to do so
c. People can be trained to be more suggestible under hypnosis

Front 29

Dissociation theory

Back 29

Based on a separation of personal functions that are normally well integrated, based on metaphor of hidden observer (unhypnotized part of mind that can be accessed on cue)

Front 30

social psychology

Back 30

study of how people influence others' behavior, beliefs, and attitudes for good and bad

Front 31

social facilitation

Back 31

enhancement of performance brought about by presence of others

Front 32

Social disruption

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worsening of behavior in presence of others

Front 33

attribution

Back 33

process of assigning causes to behavior

Front 34

fundamental attribution error

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tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people's behavior

Front 35

social comparison theory

Back 35

theory that we seek to evaluate our beliefs, attitudes, and abilities by comparing our reactions with others'

Front 36

deindividualization

Back 36

tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when stripped of usual identities

Front 37

groupthink

Back 37

emphasis on group unanimity at expense of critical thinking and sound decision making

Front 38

groupthink treatment

Back 38

encourage active dissent, having a devils advocate, having independent experts o hand, holding follow-up meetings

Front 39

group polarization

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tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members

Front 40

innoculation theory

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approach to resisting persuasive appeal by first introducing reasons why perspective might be correct then debunking it

Front 41

pluralistic ignorance

Back 41

error of assuming no one in a group perceives things as we do (we're the only one who thinks the situation might be an emergency)

Front 42

cognitive dissonance

Back 42

unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from 2 conflicting thoughts/beliefs

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peripheral route

Back 43

leads us to respond to persuasive arguments on basis of snap judgments

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central route

Back 44

leads us to evaluate merits of persuasive arguments carefully and thoughtfully

Front 45

explicit stereotypes

Back 45

beliefs about characteristics of an out-group , which we're aware

Front 46

implicit stereotypes

Back 46

beliefs about characteristics of an out-group, which we're consciously unaware

Front 47

adaptive conservatism

Back 47

evolutionary principle that creates predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different

Front 48

just-world hypothesis

Back 48

claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason

Front 49

Robbers Cave Study

Back 49

cooperation toward a shared goal produced a dramatic decrease in hostility between 2 groups

Front 50

Nomothetic

Back 50

approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern behavior of all individuals

Front 51

idiographic

Back 51

approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person

Front 52

psychic determinism

Back 52

assumption that all psychological events have a cause

Front 53

assumptions of psychoanalytic theory

Back 53

psychic determinism, symbolic meaning, unconscious motivation

Front 54

conscious mind

Back 54

contact with outside world

Front 55

preconscious mind

Back 55

material just beneath the surface of awareness

Front 56

unconscious mind

Back 56

difficult to retrieve material, well below the surface of awareness, all psychic energy originates in unconscious

Front 57

id

Back 57

reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression- ruled by pleasure principle

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superego

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our sense of morality

Front 59

ego

Back 59

psyche's executive and principal decision maker - operates on reality principle

Front 60

repression

Back 60

motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses

Front 61

rationalization

Back 61

providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviors or failures

Front 62

displacement

Back 62

directing an impulse from a socially acceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target

Front 63

oral stage

Back 63

12-18 mos- focuses on mouth; fixation causes dependance on others for reassurance

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anal stage

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18 mos-3 yrs- focuses on toilet training, fixation- prone to neatness, stinginess, and stubbornness in adulthood

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phallic stage

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3-6 yrs- focuses on genitals

Front 66

latency stage

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7-11- sexual impulses are submerged into unconscious

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genital stage

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adolescence- sexual impulses awaken and begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others

Front 68

adler's striving for superiority

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those with inferiority complexes are prone to attempt to demonstrate their superiority at all costs

Front 69

Jung's Analytic Psychology

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Collective unconscious- explains similarities across people in their emotional reactions to many features of the world

Front 70

Karen Horney

Back 70

women's sense of inferiority stems not from their anatomy, but from their excessive dependency on men- arises when opposite-sex parent is overly protective and same-sex parent is overly critical

Front 71

object relations theorists

Back 71

followers of Freud who emphasized children's mental representations of others

Front 72

behavioral views on personality development

Back 72

view personality as under the control of genetic factors and contingencies in the environment

Front 73

social learning views on personality development

Back 73

believe behaviorists have gone too far- the way we think about our environment plays an important role

Front 74

locus of control

Back 74

extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside their control

Front 75

self-actualization

Back 75

drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent

Front 76

Roger's Self-Theory

Back 76

our personalities consist of 3 major components- organism, self, and conditions of worth

Front 77

conditions of worth

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expectations we place on ourself for appropriate and inappropriate behavior

Front 78

criticisms of humanistic approach

Back 78

theories hard to test, may be too optimistic, not enough attention paid to inherited characteristic, learning, and unconscious processes

Front 79

trait perspective

Back 79

focuses on describing individual differences, personality seen as combo of characteristics people display over time and across situations

Front 80

The "Big Five" (OCEAN)

Back 80

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Front 81

openness

Back 81

tend to be intellectually curious and unconventional

Front 82

conscientiousness

Back 82

careful and responsible

Front 83

extraversion

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social and lively

Front 84

agreeableness

Back 84

friendly and easy to get along with

Front 85

neuroticism

Back 85

tense and moody

Front 86

people from individualistic cultures

Back 86

tend to focus on themselves and personal goals

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people from collectivistic cultures

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tend to focus on their relations with others

Front 88

projective personality tests

Back 88

consist of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of

Front 89

Ataque de Nervios

Back 89

Latin America- symptoms of uncontrollable shouting, crying attacks, trembling, heat in chest rising to head, verbal/physical aggression

Front 90

Koro

Back 90

several Asian countries- believe their penis and testicles are disappearing and receding into their abdomen

Front 91

panic attack

Back 91

brief, intense episodes of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat, and feelings of impending death/going crazy- most prevalent of mental disorders

Front 92

panic disorder

Back 92

repeated and unexpected panic attacks with either persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behavior in an attempt to avoid them

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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Back 93

continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning

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agoraphobia

Back 94

fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is unavailable in event of a panic attack

Front 95

social phobia

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marked fear of public appearance in which embarrassment or humiliation is possible

Front 96

major depressive episode

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stage in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss

Front 97

bipolar disorder

Back 97

condition marked by a history of at least 1 manic episode

Front 98

manic episodes

Back 98

experience marked by elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated-self esteem, increased talkativeness, irresponsible behavior

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dissociative experience

Back 99

conditions involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception

Front 100

depersonalization disorder

Back 100

condition marked by multiple episodes of depersonalization

Front 101

dissociative amnesia

Back 101

inability to recall important personal information-most often related to a stressful experience; can't be explained by ordinary forgetfulness

Front 102

dissociative fugue

Back 102

sudden, unexpected travel away from home or the workplace, accompanied by amnesia or significant life events

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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Back 103

condition characterized by presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states that recurrently take control of the person's behavior

Front 104

schizophrenia

Back 104

severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality

Front 105

Diathesis-Stress Model

Back 105

perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability

Front 106

psychoanalysis goal

Back 106

make the unconscious conscious- first form of psychotherapy

Front 107

free association

Back 107

technique in which patients express themselves without censorship of any sort

Front 108

interpretation

Back 108

therapists formulate explanations of the unconscious bases of a patient's dreams, emotions, and behaviors

Front 109

Dream analysis

Back 109

therapist's task is to interpret the relation of the dream to the patient's daytime experience and the dream's symbolic significance

Front 110

resistance

Back 110

attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions, and impulses

Front 111

transference

Back 111

projecting intense,unrealistic feelings and expectations from the past onto the therapist

Front 112

working through

Back 112

to confront and resolve problems, conflicts, and ineffective coping responses in everyday life

Front 113

object relations therapists

Back 113

emphasize patients' mental representations of themselves and others and focus on patient's difficulties with trust, attachment, separation, and identity formation

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interpersonal therapy

Back 114

treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions

Front 115

person-centered therapy

Back 115

therapy centering on the patient's goals and ways of solving problems

Front 116

motivational interviewing

Back 116

person-centered interviewing techniques, including warmth, empathy, reflective listening, unconditional acceptance, and avoiding confrontation

Front 117

behavior therapy

Back 117

focus on the specific behaviors that lead the patient to seek therapy and the current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Front 118

systematic desensitization

Back 118

patients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner

Front 119

flooding

Back 119

jump right to the top of the anxiety hierarchy and expose patients to images of the stimuli they fear the most for prolonged periods

Front 120

response prevention

Back 120

technique in which therapists prevent patients from performing their typical avoidance behaviors

Front 121

rational emotive behavior therapy

Back 121

emphasis on changing how we think and focuses on changing how we act

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empirically supported treatments

Back 122

treatment for specific disorders that are backed by high-quality scientific evidence

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pharmacotherapy

Back 123

use of medications to treat psychological problems

Front 124

electroconvulsive therapy ECT

Back 124

patients receive brief electrical pulses to the brain that produce a seizure to treat serious psychological problems

Front 125

psychosurgery

Back 125

brain surgery to treat psychological problems