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247 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CPI
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a commonly used personality test
-mainly for high school/college students -tests for dominance, sociability, responsibility, ect. |
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MMPI
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a strucutred/objective test of personality
most widely used |
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projective techniques
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-unstructured personality tests
asses personality by using ambiguous stimuli to elict responses that are unguarded and authentic I.e. tat & ink blot |
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objective personality test
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surveys or something that are obviously testing personality
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rorsarch
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inkblot technique; unstructured personality assesment
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big five
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5 crucial demensions of personality
-extroversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and opennes to experience |
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social cognitive theory
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explaining behavior should emphasive how people and situatations change moment by moment, not the person's trait or the situation by itself
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TAT
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projective technique
shown a set of pictures and asked to make up a story about each one |
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traits
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underlying, possibly innate attributes that predispose one towards certain patterns of thinking/behavior that are essentially consistent over time and across situations
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temperament
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a characteristic level of reactivity and energy, often thought to be constitutional
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explanatory style
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the manner in which a person explains good/bad fortunes that fall before him
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hysteria
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a group of presubably psychogenic disorders including conversion disorders and dissociative disorders
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pyschogenic disorders
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disorders are psychological rather than organic (ie phobias)
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psychodynamic approach
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personality differences are based on unconcious (dynamic) conflicts w/ in the individual
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self-efficacy
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the sense a person has about what things he can plausibly accomplish
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anal stage
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stage of psychosexual development during which the focus of pleasure is on activities related to elimination
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archetypes? whose idea?
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-Carl Jung
-the stories and images that constitute our collective unconciousnes |
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collective unconciousnes
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a set of primordial stories and images that all of humanity share that underlie and shape our preceptions and desires
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defense mechanisms
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reactions that try to lessen anxiety by various unconcious means
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displacement
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a redirection of an impulse from a channel that is blocked into another, more available output
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ego
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a set of rxns that try to reconcile the id's blind pleasure strivings w/ the demands of reality
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electra complex
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occurs during phallic stage )age 5)
intense love for father while hating the mother, which then turns to indetifing w/ the mother |
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fixation
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-lingering attatchment to an earlier stage of pleasure seeking, even after a new stage has been attained
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free association
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say the first thing that comes to mind
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oedipus complex
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occurs during phallic stage )age 5)
intense love for father while hating the mother, which then turns to indetifing w/ the mother |
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genital stage
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-reached in adult sexuality
-sexual pleasure involves not only one's own gratifaction but also that brought to another person |
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heirachy of needs
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-Maslow and the humanis
-needs aarranged: physiological (hunger), sfety, attachment, love, esteerm, self-actualization |
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humanistic approach
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asserts that what is most important about people is how the achieve their selfhood and actualize their potentials
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id
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primitive reactions, blindly striving for immediate biological satisfaction regardless of cost
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oral stage
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-earliest stage
-primary source of bodily pleasure is stumulation of the mouth and lips (i.e. sucking breast) |
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phallic stage
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stage of psychosexual development when a child begins to regard the genitals as the major source of gratification
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rationalization
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mechanism of defense
reinterpret unacceptable thoughts or impulse into things that feel more acceptable |
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positive psychology
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emphasizes the research in factors that make people healthy, happy, and well adjusted
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projection
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-mechanism of defense
-forbiden thoughts/ impulse are attributed to another person -ie I hate you becomes You hate me |
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reaction formation
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mechanism of deffense
forbidden impulse turned into opposite ie hate into exaggerated love |
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sociocultural approach? who?
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many psychological phenomena, some of which have presumed to be universal, result from or are affected by cultural norms
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represion
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defense mechanism
thoughts, impulse, memories are pushed out of conciousness |
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resistance
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failure to associate freely and say whatever enters her head
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self-actualization
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-Maslow and humanist
full realization of ones potential |
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self-concept
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sum of one's beliefs about and attitudes toward one's self
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super ego
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reaction patterns that emerge from w/ in the ego
represent internalized rules of society control the ego by punishment w/ guilt |
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unconditional positive regard
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-Carl rogers
-belief that one is accepted and loved w/ out reservation |
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aggression
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hostile action directed against another member of one's specicous, to do harm in order to limit the target's actions
different from behaviors in predation |
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atribution of arousal theory
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Combines James-lange's bodily feedback w/ a cognitive approach
-various timuli trigger a general state of arousaal, which is then interpreted in the light of the subjects present situation and shaped into an emotional experience |
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basic emotions
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a small set of elemental, built in emotions revealed by distinctive patterns of physiological reaction and facial expression
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bystander effect
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failing ot help strangers in distress-the larger the group a person is in the less likely he is to come to a stranger's assistance
-diffusion of responsibility |
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companionate love
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a state of emotion, characterized by affection we feel for those whose live asre intertwined w/ our own
-different than romantic love |
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cultural display rules
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learned but deaeply ingrained conventions tat govern what facial expressions of emotion can/cannot be shown in what contexts
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diffussion of responsibility
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when you are in a large crowd, you don't feel it is neccesary/ur responsibility to help out a stranger
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pluralistic ignorance
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a situation in which individuals in a group don't kow that there are others in a group who share their perception/confusion and interpret the other's inaction as reflecting knowledge that really isn't there
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James-Lange theory
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the subjective experience of emotion is the awareness of one's own bodily rxns in the presence of certain arousing stimuli
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matching hypothesis
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hypothesis that persons seek romantic or sexual partners who posses a similar level of physical attractiveness
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recirpocity
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rule of social interaction that decrees that one must repay whatever one has been given
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romantic love
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a state of emotion characterized by idealization of the beloved, turbulent emotions, and obsessive thoughts
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social exchange
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a theory that asserts that each partner in a social relationship gives something to the other and expects to get something in return
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actor-observer difference
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people who describe their own actions: emphasize external, situational causes
observers of others: emphasize internal, dispositional factors |
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attitude
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fairly stable, evaluative disposition that makes a person think, feel, or behave positvely or negatively about some person, group, or social issue
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casual attribution
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a step of inferring or concluding what the cause of an observation was
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cognitive dissonance
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an inconsistency among some experiences, beliefs, or feelings
-unpleasant state that people try to reduce by reinterpreting some part of their experiences to make them consistent w/ others |
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foot-in-the-door
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a technique of persuasion, used by door-to-door salespeople initialy, in which 1 first obtains a small concession that then makes it easier to persuad the target to make a larger concession
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fundamental attribution error
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tendency to attribute behaviors to dispositinal qualities while underating the role of the situation
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group polarization
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a pattern observed in group discussion where attitudes of each member become more extreme as a result of the discusssion, even the topic of the arguments plausibly might have moderated their veiws
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group think
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a pattern of thinking that ocurs when a group works on a problem
Most effective: highly cohesive, external threat, closed to outside info/opinions |
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heuristics
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problem solving: a procedure that has often worked in the past and is likely, but not certain to work again
guarantee of success trade for efficiency |
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illusory correlation
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a perceptiont that 2 factors tend to occur together, even tho they don't
ie accountants are introverted |
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impression magnets
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steps that people take to influence/guid how other people percieve them
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in group
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social group that one is a member of, usually perceived as more homogeneous that onther groups of which one is not a member
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out group
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a social group w/ which one does not identify or to which one doesn't belong
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persuasion
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messages that openly try to convince us to act a certain way or hold a particular belief
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risky shift
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a pattern in which a group appears more willing to take chances than the individual group members would have been on their won
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self-concept
specific? |
generally the sume of one's beliefs about and attitued toward one-self
Rogers: sense of oneself as both an agent and objec |
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self-handicap
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self-protective strategy in which one arranges for an obvious and nonthreating obstacle to one's own performace, such than any failure can be attributed to that obstacle
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self-perception
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theory that we know our attitudes and feelings only indirectly, by observing our own behavior and then performing much the same processes of attribution that we employ when trying to understand others
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social facilitation
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the tendency to per
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social loafing
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an exaple of the diffusion of social impact in which people working collectively on a task generate less total effort than they would had they worked alone
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stereotypes
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schemas by which people try to categorize complex groups
-often negative, especially when applied to minority groups |
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agoraphobia
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fear of being alone and outside of the home, especially in a public place
often observed in those w/ paic disorder |
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antisocial personality disorder
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aka psychopathy/sociopathy
continual trouble w/ society, indifferent toward others, impulsive, little concern for the future/past |
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bipolar disorder
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patient swings from oen emotional extreme to another, expereincing both manic and depressive episodes
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compulsions
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obsessions (persistnet/irrational thoughts and wishes)and compulsions(repetitive acts) are a defense against anxiety. An anxiety disorder
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delusions
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systemized false beliefs, often grandeur or persecution
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dissociative disorder
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disorders in which a whole set of mental events seems to be stored out of ordinary consciousness
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general anxiety disorder
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a mental disorder characterized by an all-pervasive, free-floating anxiety
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hallucination
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percieved experiences that occur in the absence of actualy sensory stimulation
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learned heplessness theory of depression
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the theory that depression is analogous to learned helplessness effects produced in the lab
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mania
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a mood disorder characterized by racing thoughts, pressured speech, irraitability or euphoria.
Impairments of judgement |
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obsessions
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persistent and irrational thoughts or wishes
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compulsions
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uncontrollable, repetitivve acts
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panic disorder
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an anxiety disorder caharacterized by panic attacks (sudden episodes of terrifying bodily symptoms)
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phobia
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an anxiety disorder characterized by an intense and, at least on the surface, irrational fear
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positive symptoms
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symptoms that involve behavior or thinking that is either less pronounced or nonexistent in normal individuals (hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior)
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negative symptoms
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symptoms that involve deficits in normal functioning (apathy, improvished speech, emotional blunting)
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post traumatic stress disorder
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chronic disorder that comes on after a stressful traumatic event.
Symptoms: dissociation, nightmares, flashbacks, sleep distrurbances |
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preparedeness theory
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phobias grouw out of a built-in predisposition to learn to fear certain stimuli that may have posed serious dangers to our primate ancestors
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schizophrenia
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a group of severe mental disorders
characterized by: marked disturbance of thought, withdrawal,inappropriate/flat emotions, delusions, and hallucinations |
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seasonal affective disorder
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a mood disorder that shows reliable fuctuations w/ the time of year
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somatoform disorders
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mental disorders where bodily symptoms can predominate despite the absence of any known physical cause
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unipolar depression (major depression)
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mood disorder where patients are disabled by guilt/sadness, have no energy, pleasure or motivation.
Disturbances of sleep, diet, and other bodily fxns |
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anxiety hierarchy
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gradual conditioning to stimuli by conditioning w/ relaxing treatments
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aversion therapy
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therapy where the undesirable response leads to a punishment (ie shock for smoking cigarette)
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ECT
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somatic treatment, mostly used for cases of severe depression, which sends a current thru the brain producing a convulsive seizure
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cognitive therapy
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an approach to therapy that tries to change some of the patient's habitual mode of thinking about self, situation, and future
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deinstitutionalization
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movement intended to obtain better/less expensive care for the mentally ill-not large, centralized hospitals
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free association
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say anything that comes to your mind
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interpersonal therapy
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patient gains understanding on how she interacts w/ others, and then learns better ways to interact and communicate
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mental health parity
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insurance plans should reimburse for mental disorders just like medical disorders
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meta-analysis
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-statistical technique for combining the results of many studies
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psychoanalysis
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therapy that draws on the person gaining insight into their unconscious thoughts and feelings
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psychodynamic therapy
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similar to psychoanalysis
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psychosurgery
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neurosurgey performed to get rid of mental disorders that can't be controlled other ways
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psychotropic medications
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control, or moderate, manifestations of mental disorder
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transference
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tendency to respond to the analyst in ways that re-create her response to the major figures in her own life
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what 3 variables are necessary for evolutoion to occur?
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variability, inheritance, and selection
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What are the basic things that are attractive to both sexes?
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symmettry, facial averageness, and good hair, skin, muscle, and energy level
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halo effect
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tendency to think that b/c some one has one good trait they will have other good traits also
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what do both men and women prefer in their mates-not physical?
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kindess and intelligence
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companionate love? 3 features
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stable, similarity of outlook, cooperative relationship
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Different Fitness costs in men and women?
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Men: paternity certainty
Women: investment certainty |
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different average concerns in men and women?
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men: sexual fidelity
women: emotional fidelity |
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Questions asked to determine personality?
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what are they like?
always like that? always been like that? clues they are like that? why like that? |
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personality
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a stable set of characteristics that influence an individuals response to certain situations
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Why do we care about personality?
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useful short hand
describes people predicts behavior |
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how much does heredity affect personality?
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40-60%
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features of psychodynamic theory of personality
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-early experience important
-role of the unconcious -personality emerges from unconcious conflicts |
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name the ages/stages of psychosexual development
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oral (1), anal (2-3), phallic (3-5), latency (5-puberty, genital (adolecents)
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phallic stage fixation/tendency
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masturbation, oedipus complex
vanity, recklessness, gender confusion |
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anal stage
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toilet training
tidiness |
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oral
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mouth
passive, dependent |
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Criticism of psychosexual theory
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difficult to measure
too negative men are the norm no culture |
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Skinner'r radical behaviorism?
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??
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Bandura's social learning theory
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???
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Criticisms of Skinner and Bandura
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-no human will
-no emotion -no personality -not always applicable |
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Humanistic Theory
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want to achieve potential
want health focus on present and future |
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Criticisms of Rogers and Maslow
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dificult to measure
doesn't describe specific characteristics |
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endomorph
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a Sheldon somatotype
soft round body, tolerant and loveable |
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mesomorph
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a sheldon somatotype
square body, adventerous, competivite |
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ectomorph
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sheldon somatotype
thin, self-concious, mentally intense |
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Gordon allport and the trait theory
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factor analysis using many different personality descriptors from cardinal to central to secondary
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Raymond Cattell
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Narrowed Allport's to 16 traits from 170 adjectives
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taxonomizing
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body types and words to make categories of personalities
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Melancholic
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Hans Eyesnics circle chart
Introverted and unstable |
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Phlegmatic
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Eyesnics
introverted and stable |
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Sanguine
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Extroverted and Stable
Eysenck's theory |
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Choeric
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Eyesneck
extroverted and unstable |
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Objective personalit tests
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Neo-PI (big 5)
CPI MMPI Myers-brigs |
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Projective personality tests
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Rosarchs and
Thematic Apperception Test |
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Phases of the Rorshac test
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response and inquiry
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criticims of Rorshac and TAT?
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reliability and standardization
valitidy |
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Who evented the TAT
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Henry Murray
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functions of emotions
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arouse system to action
signal something meaninful social interaction communicate |
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What did paul ekman study?
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if emotions are universal, and coinded some fundamemntal emotional paterns
Primary: fear, sad, suprise, contempt, anger, happy disgust, pride Secondary emotions require a little more thought |
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Plutchik's model of emotions?
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branch out from some very specific emotions to ones that are less intense
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Are peoples perceptions of emotions universal?
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definetely not
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what is necessary to interpret emotions?
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context
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what is the role of the amygdala and emotions?
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???
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/What is the role of the hypothalamus and emotions?
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???
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cerebral lateralization?
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???
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Cognitive processes in emotional experience?
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facial feedback
emotion feedback loop |
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social processes in emotional experience
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mood contagion
mirror neurons gender and culture |
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males and emotions?
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respond quick, stay elevated longer, rehearse
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women and emotions?
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respond slower, self-focused rumination
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Wht determines emotional sensitivity
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sex, familiarity, sender's expressiveness, power, stereotypes/expectations
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What suports James-Langes theory of emotion?
What goes against it? |
facial feedback
artificial arousal does not lead to emotion |
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What suports Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
What goes against it? |
slow nervous system and endocrine response
spinal cord injuries |
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What suports the Shacher-Singer theory of emotion?
What goes against it? |
artificial arousal can lead to emotion
unique patterns of arousal |
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James lange theory of emotion
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There is a stimimulus the an autonomic arousal then a concious emotion
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Cannon bard theory of emotion
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There is a stimulus then subcortical activity in the thalamus then the concious emotion and the autonomic arousal occur at the same time
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what is the Shacter-Singer theory of emotion?
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"attribution of arousal"
There is a physiological arousal and then a cognitive interpretation of it |
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Gender differences in mate selection?
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men want pretty while women want rich
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evolutionary role of love?
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encourages sexual activity
ensures protection of infants promotes caretaking team |
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Sternbers theory of love?
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triangular
passion, intamacy,and commitment |
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What is empty love?
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only commitment, none of the others
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What is romantic love?
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not commitment
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What is fatuous love?
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no intamacy
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What is companionat4e love?
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no passion
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What is consummate love?
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all 3
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What is liking?
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just intamacy
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Predictors of relationship success?
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intamacy (knowing each other), commitment, and problem solving
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signs of relationship problems?
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criticism, contempt, defensiveness, withdrawl
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Why are humans social?
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division of labor
protection affiliation |
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manifestations of our tendency to affiliate?
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social snacking
parasocial attachments nonconscious behavioral mimicry |
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biobehavior basis of affiliation?
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human stress respons: tend and befriend
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social pain theory ?
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??
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pain overlap theory?
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??
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why do we have stereotypes?
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shorthand for understanding
protect our self esteem sustained by conformation biases and self-fulfilling prophecies |
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attributions?
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explanations for a person's behavior
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Research studies on conformity?
What happens in each? |
ach's line judgements
Milgram's obedience studies Zimbardo's prison study |
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Research on help
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Darley's bystander intervention study
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What influences conformity?
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another ally present
identification w/ the group group size |
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steps in deviding to help?
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notice? realize needed help? feel responsible? make a decision? follow through?
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What kind of behavior is abnormal?
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violates cultural standards
statistically rare maladaptive causes distress perceptual/congnitive distorition or irrationality |
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Historical perceptivs of abnomality?
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from demons to humoral imbalance to influences on the brain
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What influences the brain
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environment, genes, and experience
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What is the pathway of mental disorders?
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predisposing factors, to the onset w/ precipitating factors, to maintences w/ perpetuating factors
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What makes up the biopsychosocial approach?
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psycho bio and social aspects
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Two types of ways to classify mental disorders
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International Classification of Diseases and
Disgnotic and Staticial Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) |
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What is in the DSM?
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list of mental disorders and symptoms
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What are the axis of the DSM?
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I: primary disagnosis
II: personality disorders III: related medical problems IV: social, environmental problems V: overall functioning |
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Benfits of DSM
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facilitates communication btwn professionals
Increases reliability of diagnoses validates experiences for patient |
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Limitations fo diagnostic systems
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encourages diagnosis
-self-fulfilling -rigid -emphasizes deficits -can be misused -false impression of objectivity |
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insanity?
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legal term
inability to appreciate wrongness of an act inabillity to control behavior |
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history of pleading insanity
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1834 M'Nahton in england acquitted due to "mental defect"
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How much is insanity defense used?
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1% of felony
26% are acquitted |
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dysthmic
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less extreme than depression
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hypomaniac
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less extreme than maniac
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mixed
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feeling more than 1 episode at once
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Difference between Bipolar I and II?
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don't feel the maniac highs in biplar II
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Cyclothimic Disorder?
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extreme changes in mood
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Life time prevalence of Major Depressive disorder in men and women?
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10% men and 20% women
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cognitive symptoms of major depression?
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negative cognitive triad: about self, the rest of the world, and the future
also lack of concentration and focus |
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types of syptoms for Major depression?
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emtional, motivational, cognitive, and somatic
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What do teens report when talking about dpression?
middle age? old? |
anger
sadness lethargic |
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How long does it take for depression to go away if left untreated?
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6th months
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What are the different courses of depression?
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Recurrent w/ out full interepisode recovery
Recurrent, full interepisode recovery Singel episode |
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If you have 1 episode, what is the chance of having another?
2? 3? |
50%
70% 90% |
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who make the most attempts at suicide?
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young, women, angry, want attention, use low lethality methods, and not hiding
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Who complete the most suicides?
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older, men, hopless, high lethality methods, exclude themselves
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Most important warning sign of depression?
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having a method and a plan
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What % of people give warning of suicide?
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80%
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Prevalence of bipolar disorder?
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1%
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symptoms of bipolar 1?
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emo: euphoria, irratable
motivational:talkative, rapid speech Cognitive: expansive, grandiosity, distraction Somatic: little sleep, agitated |
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When do the 1st episodes of Bipolar I usually ocur?
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early 20's
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% of people who have recurrent episodes of bipolar I
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90%
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What defines rapid cycling of bipolar I? what % have this
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4+ cycles/ year
5-14% |
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Key features of phobias
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exaggerated, irrational fears
recognized as excesive phobia avoided/endured w/ dread distress/impairment of fxning |
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common obsessions?
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contamination, doubts, need for order, aggressive impulses, sexual imagery
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what is the goal of compulsions?
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to prevent anxiety or a dreaded event
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common compulsions
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washing, ordering, checking, counting, repeating words silently
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lifetime prevalence of OCD
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2.5%
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Age of onset of OCD for men? for women?
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6-15 for men
20-29 women |
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Lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia
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1%
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What did Emile Kraeplin call schizophrenia? who changed the name?
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dementia praecox; Bleuler
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What are positive symptoms of Shcizophrenia? examples?
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excess/distortion of normal behavior
Hallucinations and delusions |
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What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia? Examples?
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inability to do something normal people do:
alogia-stunted speech avolition-lack of motivation anhedonia-don't feel pleasure affective flattening-emotional dullness |
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Disorganized symtpoms of Schizophrenia
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confusion
disorientation memory problems delusions |
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Types of schizophrenia?
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paranoid: delusions of persecution, onset late 20's, respond most to medication
Disorganized schizophrenia: less likely to have positive symtpoms Catonic schizophrenia: not motivated Indifferentiated schizoprenia: symptoms from all of these types |
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Causes of Schizoprhenia
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genetics
prenatal stressors stress of living Diathesis stress model: your initial thresholds determines if it will be crossed or not |
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Tasks in the clinical encounter
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1. asses/diagnose
2. plan treatment 3. therapy 4. relapse prevention 5. termination |
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What determines what happens in therapy?
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the format, the problem, the type of therapist
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Types of Biological Treatment
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ECT: shock for miniseizure-very effective and common
TMS- magnetic w/ no electricity Medications |
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Benefits of biological treatment
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fast acting (1-2 weeks)
convenient less embarassing? |
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Drawbacks of biological treatment
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potential side ffects
possibility for relapse therapeutic window: what dose long term risks What's the message? doesn't address all issues |
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Psychodynamic theraphy includes-
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psychoanalysis (frued)-talking
Psychodynamic- insight into unconcious, free association, interpretations |
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Behavior therapy
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no thinking or insights
Classical condintioning: for anxiet Operant Conditioning Modeling: social skills training |
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Cognitive therapy
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important how people think about themselves
Rational-emotive therapy-challenge people on why they act that way (activating event, belief that comes from the event, consequence) Cognitive Therapy o Beck-can control your feelings or thoughts-journals |
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Humanist therapy
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Gestault therpay-focus on the whole
Client-centered therapy-Carl Rogers |
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cognitive/behavior therapy is best for..?
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anxiety disorders
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