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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
natural selection
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well adapted animals produce more offspring
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genotype
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genetic structure
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phenotype
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outward appearance and behaviors
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heredity
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the inheritance of physical and psychological traits from ancestors
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genetics
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the study of the mechanisms of heredity
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genes
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contain the instructions for the production of protiens
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sex chromosomes
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contain genes coding for development of male or female physical characteristics
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genome
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the full sequence of genes found on the chromosomes with associated DNA
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human behavior genetics
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unite genetics and psychology to explore the casual link between inheritance and behavior
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heritability
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0-1
0- environmental 1- genetics |
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sociobiology
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provide evolutionary explanations for the social behavior and systems of humans and other species
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evolutionary psychology
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extend evolutionary explanations to include other aspects of human experience, such as how the mind functions
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neuroscience
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study of the natural laws of the human body
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Paul Broca
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studied language in the brain
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rTMS
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magnetic stimulation creating lesions briefly activating regions of the brain
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Walter Hess
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electrical stimulation to prob structures deep in brain
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EEG
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amplified tracing of brain activity
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PET scans
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given radioactive substances, absorbed by cells, give off radioactivity, can tell which ones are active
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MRI
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uses magnetic fields and radio waves to generate pulses of energy in brain
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fMRI
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combines MRI and PET and detects magnetic changes in flow of blood cells to brain
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CNS- central nervous system
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composed of all neurons in the brain and the spinal cord- coordinates bodily functions, processes incoming neural messages, sends commands to diff. parts of the body
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PNS- peripheral nervous system
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made of all nerve fibers that connect CNS to body
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somatic nervous system
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regulates the actions of the body's skeletal muscles
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autonomice nervous system
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sustains basic life processes (functions u don't think about controlling)
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sympathetic division
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governs responses to emergency situations
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parasympathetic division
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monitors the routine operation of the body's internal functions "fight or flight"
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brain stem
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contains structures that collectively regulate the internal state of the body
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medulla
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center for blood pressure, breathing, and hearbeat
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pons
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provides inputs to other structures in the brain stem and cerebellum
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reticular formation
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arouses the cerebral cortex to attend new stimulation and keeps brain alert
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thalamus
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channels incoming sensory info. to the cerebral cortex
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cerebellum
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coordinates bodily movement, controls posture, and maintains equilibrium
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limbic system
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regulates body temp. and blood pressure, emotional states, and memory processes
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hippocampus
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-largest part of limbi system
- important in aquisition of memories |
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amygdala
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emotional control and formation of emotional memories- may play part in knowledge related to danger and threat
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hypothalamus
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motivated behavior (unconcious everyday actions) maintains homeostasis
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homeostasis
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body's internal equilibrium
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cerebrum
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regulates brain higher cognitive and emotional functions
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cerebral cortex
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outter surfacr of cerebrum
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cerebral hemispheres
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the brains hemispheres
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corpus collosum`
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thick mass of nerve fibers connecting 2 hemispheres of brain
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frontal lobe
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controls motor skills and cognitive skills, planning, making decisions, setting goals
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parietal lobe
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sensations, touch ,pain, and temperature
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occipital lobe
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final destination for visual information
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temporal lobe
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responsible for hearing
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motor cortex
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controls body's voluntary muscles
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somatosensory cortex
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processes info about temperature, touch, body position, and pain
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auditory cortex
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where auditory info. is processed
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visual cortex
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where visul input is processed at the back of the brain
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association cortex
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planning and decision making- combine info from various sensory things and react to stimuli in environment
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Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga
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hemispheres R controls L and L controls R
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lateralization
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when on side of the brain dominates the other
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endocrine system
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network of glands that manufacture and secrete hormones
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hormones (es)
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chemical messengers
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pituitary gland
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10 diff. hormones- influences growth
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testosterone
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stimulates sperm production
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estrogen
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triggers the release of ova in a woman
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neuron
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cell specialized to recieve, process, and transmit info. to other cells in body
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dendrites
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branched fibers that recieve incoming signals from sense receptors
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soma
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contains nucleus of cell and cytoplasm
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axon
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single extended fiber- recieves info from dendrites and passes it to terminal buttons
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terminal buttons
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swollen bublike structures through which the neuron can stimulate nearby glands, muscles, or other neurons
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neurons transmitt info
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dendrites-through soma-axon-terminal buttons
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sensory neurons
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carry messages from sense receptor cells to CNS
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motor neurons
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carry messages away from CNS towards muscles and glands
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interneurons
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relay messages from sensory neurons to other interneurons or to motor neurons
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glia cells
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-hold neurons in place
- help guide newborn neurons to appropriate locations in brain - clean up junk left behind -form myelin sheath -protects toxic substances from brain - nueral communication |
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astrocytes
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blood-brain barrier to protect brain from substances that shouldn't be absorbed
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excitatory
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neurons fire!
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inhibitory
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neurons don't fire!
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resting potential
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polarization- fluid inside cell polarized in relation to fluid outside cell
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ion channels
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excitable portions of the cell membrane that selectively permit certain ions to flow in and out
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all-or-none-law
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the size of the action potential is unaffected by increases in the intensity of stimulation beyond the threshold level
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action potential
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self propogating- needs no outside stimulation to keep moving
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relative refractory period
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neuron will only fire in response to a stimulus stronger than what is ordinarily necessary
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absolute refractory period
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further stimulation cannot cause another action potential to occur
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synapse
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the gap between one neuron and another
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synaptic transmission
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the relaying of info from one neuron to another across the synaptic gap
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neurotransmitters
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biochemical substances that stimulate other neurons
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Acetylcholine
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can cause muscles to contract- lack of = Alzheimers
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GABA
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inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain- messenger
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neuromodulator
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any substance that modifies or modulates the activities of the postsynaptic neuron
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norepinehrine
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lack of - depression
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dopamine
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lack of - schizophrenia
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plasticity
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changes in performance in the brain
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neurogenesis
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the production of new brain cells from naturally occuring stem cells
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true experiment
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has internal validity
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