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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 Periods of prenatal development:
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1. Zygote (Germinal) period
2. Embryonic period 3. Fetal period |
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Zygote Period
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-first 2 weeks
-fertilization -> implantation -zygote starts to divide, forms Blastocyst -formation of placenta -relevant to stem-cell research (Blastocyst cells can become anything) |
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Blastocyst
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hollow ball of undifferentiated cells in zygote period
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Embryonic Period
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-weeks 3-8
-major task is Organogenesis (going from a ball of cells to specific, unique organs and organ systems) *nervous, digestive & circ systems, arms eyes legs ears ******MOST vulnerable and critical part of the pregnancy for baby |
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Fetal Period
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rest of pregnancy. about 7 months
-continue and complete organogenesis |
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Teratogens
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any agent that causes a birth defect.
*almost every fetus is exposed to at least some *specific teratogens USUALLY don't cause a specific birth defect *may take a long time for effects to show up, only about half of all porential effects appear at birth |
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Examples of teratogens
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-drugs (prescription, OTC, illegal)
-tobacco -alcohol -radiation -pollution -infectious disease |
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greatest sensitivity to teratogens is...
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during Embryonic period (organogenesis)
**Critical/Sensitive periods for dev |
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Sensitivity in fetal period
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less likely to cause anatomical defects, but more likely to cause organ functioning problems or stunt growth
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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
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impact of alcohol use during pregnancy
-no cure -effects are lifelong -COMPLETELY AVOIDABLE |
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Heavy drinking, binge drinking, moderate drinking (list worst-less worst)
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-binge (more than 4 in a sitting, concentration is highest)
-heavy (more than 1 drink per day) -moderate (no more than 1 drink per day) ****DRINKING ANY AMOUNT IS CONSIDERED UNSAFE, how much and when varies severity and impact |
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
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-generally result of heavier drinking for more of the pregnancy
*slow physical growth, facial deformities (at least 3 to be diagnosed), brian injury in at least 3 areas (cognitive, social, CNS dev), may have other deformities as well depending on how much/when mom drank |
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Partial fetal alcohol syndrome
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-generally result of moderate drinking for less of pregnancy
**At least 2 facial deformities, brain injury in at least 3 areas |
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Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder
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-confirmed but less pervasive alcohol use.
*brain injury in at least 3 areas, no facial deformities, takes longer to diagnose b/c brain injuries aren't seen at birth |
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Problems in FASD
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-problem of multiple teratogens
-issue of not knowing you're pregnant and drinking in embryonic period |
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Smoking
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-biggest problem= low birth weight which leads to more problems
-increases in miscarriage, prematurity, breathing & heart problems -due to decreased oxygen and nutrient availability |
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What counts as Low birth weight (LBW)?
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less than 5 pounds at birth. 2 categories:
1. preterm infants (2lbs at 24 weeks) 2. Small for date infants (born full term) also Very low birth weight (VLBW), less than 3lbs 5oz |
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Long term outcomes for LBW infants
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*most LBW kids are normal and healthy, as a group they ahve more health and dev problems.
-problems increase as weight decreases -more LBW babies today b/c medicine allows them to survive -multiples are smaller -age of pregnancy is increasing |
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Nutrition
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-fetus depends on mom's food, comes from her blood
-important factors of nutritional status are total calories and levels of protein, vitamins, and minerals **Folic acid *****NEED TO EAT!!! DO NOT DIET!!! |
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Prenatal Care
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EXTREMELY VALUABLE
-linked with other social services (important for women in poverty) -can motivate moms to have positive attitudes towards pregnancy -can lower incidence of teratogen exposure |
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Toxemia
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preeclampsia leading to eclampsia, HIGH maternal BP, symptoms look like normal preg "problems".
can kill baby and or mom if not treated. |
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Highest category for women with no or late prenatal care...
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Teens (no matter what ethnicity)
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