Psych 221-Chapter 2

Front 1

WHAT ARE THE PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS?

Back 1

Body starts producing eggs (females) and sperm (males) and develop sex organs.

Front 2

WHAT ARE THE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS?

Back 2

Body changes resulting from the hormonal changes of puberty, such as: body hair, skin becomes rougher, and prone to acne, bones come harder and dense, breast development, broader hips/pelvis, etc.

Front 3

Menarche

Back 3

Females first menstrual period.

Front 4

Spermarche

Back 4

The fisrt production of sperm. It takes on average at age 12.

Front 5

Meaning of menarche and spermarche

Back 5

Both indicate nor the initiation of puberty per se, but when other events of development have begun. Puberty begins earlier in cultures where good nutrition and medical care are widely available, because illness and thinness tend to inhibir the development of body far, resulting in delayed pueberty.

Front 6

Traditional rituals associated to menarche

Back 6

Menarche initiates a monthly ritual related to menstruation that lasts throughout a woman's reproductive life.
Asante (Africa)-The menarcheal girl sits in public view under a canopy, while others come before her to congratulate her, present her with gifts, and perform songs and dances in her honor.
Orthodox Jews-Girls used to be slaped by her mother. Act that represented the future dificulties awaiting her in her life as a woman.

Front 7

Traditional rituals associated to spermarche

Back 7

Young man are requiere to display courage, strengh and endurance.
Samoa-tattooing (14-16) from waist to knees.
Sumburu (Africa)- public circumcision.

Front 8

J. M. Tanner's research

Back 8

Studied the pattern and sequence of various aspects of physucal development during puberty in the 1960s-1970s. Through pictures, he and his colleagues focused on specific aspects of physical development during puberty.He described a sequence of 5 stages: 1) areas of development is the prepubertal stage; 2), 3) and 4) decribe levels of delopment in between; 5) the satage when maturity has been reached and growth is completed.
Sample: low income British adolescents.

Front 9

Cross sectional study

Back 9

This type of studies examinates individuals at one point in time.

Front 10

Longitudinal study

Back 10

On this type of studies, individuals are followed across time and data on them are collected on more than one occasion. The range of time varies from weeks to lifetime.

Front 11

Cross sectional study vs. longitudinal study

Back 11

Both are valuable, but only some kind of information can be gained only tieh a longitudinal study. For example: breast development.

Front 12

Body image, cultural expectations, and media influence.

Back 12

Effects of early maturation are especially negative for girls.
Girls-One reason is cultural values about physical appearance (thinness). It typically leads to a shorter & heavier appearance. Early-maturing girls have higher rates of depressed mood,negative body image and eating disordes. African Americans and Latinas do not show these effects because these cultures fo no have tall and short as the female ideal. Late-maturing girls have few of the problems that early-maturing girls have. By their late teens they tend to have a more favorable body image than other girls.
Early-maturing boys tend to have more favorable body images and higher popularity than other boys. They become involved earlier in delinquency, sex and substance abuse; have higher rates of emotional distress. Late-maturing boys have higher rates of alcohol use and delinquency; and lower grades in school.

Front 13

Genetic-Enviromental theory

Back 13

Both genotype (a person's inherited genes) and enviroment make essential contributions to genetics and the environment are difficult to unravel because our genes are actually influence the kinf of enviroment we experience. Based on our genotypes, we create our own enviroments, to a considerable extent. It take three forms: passive, evocative and active.

Front 14

Application of genotype-environment interaction

Back 14

Passive- Parents provide both genes and environment for their children. Adoption studies: one set of parents provide the genes, other set of parents provide the environment. Thus, when adolescents are more similar to their biological parents than to adoptive parents, genes play a role; and viceversa.
Evocative-interactions occur when a person's inhereted characteristics evoke responses from others in their environment.
Active-occur when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotupic characteristics. People are drawn to environments that match their inherited abilities.
Passive-childhood
Evocative-stable from childhood through adulthood.
Active-adolescence