Psych 221- Chapter 4

Front 1

What is a collectivistic culture?

Back 1

A set of beliefs asserting that it is important for persons to mute their individual desires in order to contribute tot the well-being and success of the group.

Front 2

What is a individualistic culture?

Back 2

Cultural belief system that emphasizes the desirability of independence, self-sufficiency, and self-expression.

Front 3

What is socialization?

Back 3

Socialization is the process by which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of the culture in which they live.

Front 4

What are the outcomes of socialization?

Back 4

Self-regulation- the capacity for exercising self-control in order to restrain one's impulses and comply with social norms. Role preparation- an outcome of socialization that includes preparation for occupational roles, gender roles, and roles in institutions such as marriage and parenthood. Sources of meaning- the ideas and beliefs that people learn as part of socialization, indicating what is important, what is to be valued, what is to be lived for, and how to explain and offer consolation for the individual's mortality.

Front 5

what is the concept of ontogenetic?

Back 5

Something that occurs naturally in the course of development as part of normal maturation; that is, it is driven by innate processes rather than by environmental stimulation or a specific cultural practice.

Front 6

What does religious belief systems typically consist of? (3 outcomes)

Back 6

Self-regulation, role preparation, and sources of meaning.

Front 7

Who was Fowler? What was his/ her theory?

Back 7

James Fowler has proposed a theory of stages of religious development from birth through adulthood that is linked to congitive development. According to Fowler, early adolescence is a stage of poetic-conventional faith, in which people become more aware of the symbolism used in their faith and religious understanding becomes more complex in the sense that early adolescents increasingly believe that there is more than one way of knowing the truth. Fowlers term for the stage of faith most typical of late adolescent and emerging adulthood (individuating-reflective faith) in which people rely less on what their parents believed and develop a more individulized faith based on questioning their beliefs and incorporating their personal experience into their beliefs.

Front 8

Who is Feldman? What is he/she famous for? What was his/her study in 1992?

Back 8

Shirley Feldman and her colleagues studied the contrast between Eastern and Western cultural beliefs makes for an especially interesting and complex socialization enviroment when adolescents are exposed to both. In 1992, she and her colleagues studied chinese adolescents whose families had immigrated to Australia or the United States. The sample included both first and second- generation families. The results indicated that even for first-generation chinese adolescents in the United States and Sustralia, their values and beliefs were closer to those of White Western adolescents than to those of chinese adolescents. Other all they found that first-generation chinese adolescents were more likely to hold these beliefs than second- generation chinese adolescents, Nevertheless, even second-generation chinese adolescents were more likely to hold these beliefs that white western adolescents.

Front 9

What did Piaget theory about moral development?

Back 9

there are two distinct approaches to reasoning about moral issues; heteronomous morality, and autonomous morality. Heteronomous morality- period of moral development from about age 4 to about age 7, in which moral rules are viewed as having a sacred, fixed quality, handed down from figures of authority and alterable only by them. Autonomous morality- period of moral development from about age 10-12 involving a growing realization that moral rules are social conventions that can be changed if people decide they should be changed.

Front 10

17. Kohlberg’s theory- Development stages, Applicability of each stage.
Who is Lawrence Kohlberg? What did he say about development stages?

Back 10

Lawrence Kohlberg studying the moral judgements of 72 boys ages 10-16. his three stages are as followed.
Level 1: Preconvention reasoning- the level in which moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishment. S rather the
Stages 1: Punishment and obedience orientation- rules should be obeyed to avoid punishment from those in authority.
Stage 2: Individualism and purpose orientation. What is right is what satisfies one’s own needs and occasionally the needs of others, and what leads to rewards for oneself.
Level 2: Conventional Reasoning- The level of moral reasoning gin which the person advocates the value of conforming to the moral expectations of others. What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities.
Stage 3: Interpersonal concordance orientation. Care of and loyalty to others is emphasized in this stage, and it is seen as good to conform to what the others expect in a certain roles, such as being a “good