Psyc 200 Test #2 Id

Front 1

natural selection

Back 1

evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations.

Front 2

evolutionary psychology

Back 2

the study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection.

Front 3

culture

Back 3

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of ppl and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Front 4

norms

Back 4

standards for accepted and expected behavior. norms prescribe "proper" behavior.

Front 5

personal space

Back 5

the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. Its size depends on our familiarity with whoever is near us.

Front 6

gender

Back 6

in psychology, the characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male and female.

Front 7

empathy

Back 7

the vicarious experience of another's feelings; putting oneself in another's shoes.

Front 8

aggression

Back 8

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. in lab experiments, this might mean delivering electric shocks or saying something likely to hurt another's feelings.

Front 9

androgynous

Back 9

mixing both masculine and feminine characteristics.

Front 10

gender role

Back 10

a set of behavior expectations for males and females.

Front 11

interaction

Back 11

a relationship in which the effect of one factor (like biology) depends on another factor (like environment)

Front 12

2 or more people who interact and are interdependent (for a length of time)

Back 12

group

Front 13

People engaging in a common activity, but who have little interaction with each other.

Back 13

collective

Front 14

rules of behavior for a group; prevailing beliefs/attitudes/values

Back 14

social norms

Front 15

shared expectations about how particular people are supposed to behave.

Back 15

social roles

Front 16

the early definition of social facilitation

Back 16

presence of others facilitates performance of an individual

Front 17

Zajonc's Theory of social facilitation states the the presence of others creates ______

Back 17

arousal

Front 18

________ increases ________ response

Back 18

arousal; dominant

Front 19

the dominant response depends on the task; easy tasks = ________ difficult tasks = ________

Back 19

success; failure

Front 20

Social loafing study

Back 20

blindfolded pps w/ headphones and asked to clap or cheer as loudly as they could. IV: alone, group of 2, 4, 6. DV: how much noise they make results: as group size got larger, cheering and clapping became quieter per person

Front 21

social loafing depends on the degree to which individual _________ will be evaluated

Back 21

performance

evaluation -> arousal -> social facilitation
no evaluation -> relaxation -> social loafing

Front 22

the loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people are in a crowd; can lead to deviant behaviors which would not have occured w/ individuals acting alone

Back 22

deindividuation

Front 23

Baiting study

Back 23

examined 21 instances of suicidal jumpers when crowds present. when crowd was big and far from victim at nighttime, baiting was much more likely.

Front 24

Diener study

Back 24

trick or treat; asked children to "take one". IV: alone or in groups, IV2: children were either asked their names or left anonymous. DV: who took extra candy? Results: most extra candy taken in anonymous group, but anonymous alone also showed increase from identified.

Front 25

Johnson & Downing study

Back 25

IV1: dressed women in KKK outfit or nurse's outfit, IV2: women wore nametage (ID) or didn't. DV: women given opportunity to increase or decrease intensity of electric shocks to another participant. Results: KKK costume showed most increase in shock levels, nurse's uniform showed decreased shock levels. Anonymous was higher in KKK and lower in nurses.

Front 26

Being anonymous makes us less ________ and more _________ to cues in the situation

Back 26

self-aware; responsive

Front 27

if group defines itself in terms of prejudice and hatred (KKK), being anonymous causes _________

Back 27

more violence

Front 28

if group defines itself in terms of concern for the welfare of others (nurses), being anonymous causes ____________

Back 28

more helping

Front 29

Features that promote (3) deindividuation

Back 29

similar appearances, anonymity, individual decision making discouraged, appeals to cohesiveness.

Front 30

5 stages of group development

Back 30

FSNPA forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning

Front 31

What is groupthink?

Back 31

a kind of thinking in which maintaining group solidarity and cohesiveness is more important then considering the facts in a realistic manner.

Front 32

Risk factors of groupthink

Back 32

high cohesiveness, group isolation, high stress, directive leader, poor decision-making procedures

Front 33

Symptoms of groupthink

Back 33

illusion of invulnerability, self-censorship, illusion of unanimity.

Front 34

Consequences of groupthink (4)

Back 34

incomplete survey of alternatives, failure to examine risks of favored alternatives, poor information search, failures to develop contingency plans

Front 35

Solutions for groupthink(4)

Back 35

encourage/force discrepant opinions, impartial leader, create subgroups, use systematic procedures for making decisions

Front 36

compliance

Back 36

changes in behavior that are elicited by direct requests.

Front 37

if someone does you a favor, reciprocate.

Back 37

norm of reciprocity

Front 38

when a person gives you something, no strings attached, then subsequently makes a request (donation, favor, vote, etc)

Back 38

pre-giving

Front 39

Solicitor first asks for a large request. When the person refuses, a smaller request (intended request) is made.

Back 39

Door-in-the-Face Technique

Front 40

Blood donor study

Back 40

when people asked for a one time blood donation, 32% complied. When first asked to be lifetime donors, then asked for a one time donation, 50% complied.

Front 41

If you are unsure of how to act, do what everyone else is doing.

Back 41

Norm of social validation/social proof

Front 42

People should be true to their attitudes and prior behaviors, and not contradict themselves.

Back 42

Consistency Norm

Front 43

You surround people with their own attitudes or past behaviors.

Back 43

The four-walls technique

Front 44

You get the person to agree to an initial trivial request, then ask for a bigger one (intended request)

Back 44

Foot-in-The-Door Technique

Front 45

Freedman and Fraser

Back 45

Experimenter called housewives and asked for a small request. 3 days later-experimenter called housewives again and asked for a larger request. Results: more gave when asked first with small then big request.

Front 46

After people agree to buy something, they are given a steeper price.

Back 46

Lowballing Technique

Front 47

If you like someone, you should help them out.

Back 47

Liking norm

Front 48

Do what authority figures say

Back 48

Authority norm

Front 49

Scarce things are more valuable.

Back 49

Scarcity norm

Front 50

The process by which a message induces a change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors. bad = propaganda, good = education

Back 50

persuasion

Front 51

Occurs when people focus on arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Back 51

Central Route to Persuasion

Front 52

Central route to persuasion more likely to occur when _______ to think about issue; careful consideration is needed; and possible ______; creates a __________ change

Back 52

motivated; counterarguing; lasting

Front 53

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues (attractiveness)

Back 53

peripheral route to persuasion

Front 54

More likely when ________ or uninvolved; ____ effort, use surface cues and heuristics; effects are_________

Back 54

distracted; low; temporary

Front 55

every culture has these; sets of norms that apply to people in a particular position (ex. teacher, wife). our social roles can determine our behavior.

Back 55

social roles

Front 56

the status of a person's role can influence __________; ex. Boss vs. assistant study

Back 56

behavior; women first solved math problems alone, and had assigned roles of boss or assistant. boss's performance improved, assistant's decreased.

Front 57

lifelong process of internalizing societal prescriptions and proscription for gender-appropriate behavior

Back 57

socialization

Front 58

another word for socialization

Back 58

gendery display

Front 59

agents of socialization

Back 59

parents, media, peers, etc.

Front 60

Hospital Nursery Study

Back 60

parents describe new born infants w/in 24 hours of birth.

Front 61

Emotional reaction to Jack in the box study

Back 61

Evaluate child's emotional reaction to Jack jumping out of his box as a function of sex of child.

Front 62

Gender differences: on average women have ___% more fat, ___% less muscles, are __ inches shorter, and live ___ years longer

Back 62

70;40;5;5

Front 63

Gender differences: men enter puberty __ years later, ___ x more likely to be color blind, and more likely to be able to _______

Back 63

2;20;wiggle their ears

Front 64

Connectedness

Back 64

women give higher priority to close relationships via gifts, report more empathy, better at decoding emotional expressions

Front 65

Social Dominance

Back 65

men are rated as more dominant and aggressive, tend to hold more powerful positions, tend to have a more dominant conversational style (fewer tag questions)

Front 66

Do men or women interrupt more?

Back 66

Women interrupt men far less than men interrupt women. The sexes interrupt same sex conversations at about the same rate as each other.

Front 67

sexuality

Back 67

men tend to have a more positive view of casual sex; men tend to desire a larger number of partners prior to marriage

Front 68

natural selection

Back 68

nature selects traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce

Front 69

evolutionary psychologists believe ____________ influences social behaviors

Back 69

natural selection

Front 70

We make decisions based on our desire to ____________

Back 70

pass on our genes

Front 71

Evolutionary psychologists believe that gender differences in ________ reflect the desire to pass on one's genes

Back 71

sexuality; sperm are cheaper than eggs!

Front 72

Why were men more likely to agree to have random sex?

Back 72

men want to pass on genes by having sex with as many people as possible

Front 73

Men desire young, healthy, beautiful women who are likely to ___________; women desire __________ men, who can provide for children

Back 73

reproduce; wealthy

Front 74

A change in behavior due to the real or imagined influence of others

Back 74

conformity

Front 75

Influence due to the belief that others are behaving correctly

Back 75

Informational influence

Front 76

Influence due to the desire to be liked and accepted by others

Back 76

Normative influence

Front 77

Sherif Norm Formation Study

Back 77

informational influence; pps judge a distance of a "moving" light, on day 1 they make judgements alone, days 2-4 they make judgments in group, day 5, they make judgments alone again. Results: their perceived distances come closer to the groups answers.

Front 78

informational influence occurs in the presence of _________, assumes other people are behaving/thinking _________, causes no arousal or ________, and leads to private __________.

Back 78

ambiguity;correctly;discomfort;conformity

Front 79

Factors increasing informational influence (3)

Back 79

ambiguity of situation, crisis, other people are experts.

Front 80

Asch's Study

Back 80

12 trials; all confederates give the wrong answer. what do pps do? conformity = # of errors that agree w/ confederates. Results: 75% conformed at least once, 7% conformed on every trial, people conformed 37% of the time

Front 81

Normative influence: you think other people are wrong and it is __________, it involves arousal and _________, and doesn't lead to private ___________

Back 81

unambiguous;discomfort; conformity

Front 82

Factors increasing normative social influence (6)

Back 82

bigger group, group is important or liked, no allies in dissent, group is high status, response made publicly, no prior commitment.

Front 83

When behavior is influenced due to the direct commands of an authority figure

Back 83

obedience

Front 84

Milgram's study; what is it, results?

Back 84

You sign up for a learning experiment; another pp shows up and you are randomly assigned to be the teacher. the learner is led to another room, you see the learner being hooked up to an electric shock machine. you are given mild shock as demo. Learner has heart condition, you give shocks as learner gets answers wrong. Results: 2-3% went all the way to the end of the shock generator in the control condition with no instruction to continue. with instruction to continue 65% went all the way.

Front 85

Variations on Milgram's experiment were tried to determine if the effects were due to ________________

Back 85

situational factors

Front 86

When experiment was in an office building instead of lab, ___ went all the way

Back 86

47%.

Front 87

When victim was in same room, ___% went all the way

Back 87

40%, learner is humanized

Front 88

When pp had to touch the learner, ___% went all the way

Back 88

30%, learner is humanized

Front 89

When experimenter was far away from learner (telephone), ____% went all the way

Back 89

20, authority is not as imposing

Front 90

When experimenter was ordinary person, ___ went all the way

Back 90

19, authority is not as imposing

Front 91

When 2 confederates rebelled, ____ went all the way

Back 91

10%, role models for defiance, norms are changed

Front 92

According to Milgram, people obeyed because of 2 things

Back 92

the authority norm, and gradual escalation of voltage

Front 93

He found that people who resisted authority ________ were more likely to disobey

Back 93

early

Front 94

co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity

Back 94

co-actors

Front 95

concern for how others are evaluating us

Back 95

evaluation apprehension

Front 96

people who benefit from the group but give little in return

Back 96

free-riders

Front 97

group produced enhancement of members pre existing tendencies; a strengthening of the members' average tendency, not a split within the group

Back 97

group polarization

Front 98

a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding

Back 98

pluralistic ignorance

Front 99

8 symptoms of groupthink

Back 99

1. illusion of vulnerability, 2. unquestioned belief in the group's moreality
3. rationalization
4. Stereotyped view of opponent.
5. Conformity pressure
6. Self-censorship
7. Illusion of unanimity
8. Mindguards

Front 100

Characteristics of individuals who influence groups

Back 100

Consistency, self-confidence, defections from the majority, persisent

Front 101

A tendency for people with minority views to express them less quickly than do people in the majority

Back 101

minority slowness effect

Front 102

the process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group

Back 102

leadership

Front 103

leadership that organizes work, sets standards, and focuses on goals

Back 103

task leadership

Front 104

leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

Back 104

social leadership

Front 105

the characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male and female.

Back 105

gender

Front 106

Universal friendship norms. name some:

Back 106

respect the friend's privacy; make eye contact while talking; dont tell secrets.

Front 107

Universal trait dimensions. People tend to describe others as (5 things)

Back 107

more or less stable, outgoing, open, agreeable, and conscientious.

Front 108

Universal social belief dimensions. 5 of them:

Back 108

cynicism, social complexity, reward for application, spirituality, fate control

Front 109

Universal status norms. What does this mean?

Back 109

Wherever people form status hierarchies, they talk to higher status people in the respectful way they talk to strangers.

Front 110

Incest taboo. what is this universal norm?

Back 110

Parents are not to have sexual relations with children, nor siblings with one another. Makes sense evolutionarily.

Front 111

What are some critiques of evolutionary psychology?

Back 111

Evolutionary psychologists sometimes start with an effect and work backward to construct an explanation for it. This is hindsight reasoning and if things are imagined to be different they usually can be. .

Front 112

How does social role theory explain gender differences in social behavior?

Back 112

A cultural explanation for the difference between women and men are because culture socializes their behavior.

Front 113

4 Predictors of obedience

Back 113

1. distance/proximity between victim and authority (seen or unseen)
2. Actual phsyical presence distance (phone and in person)
3. Institutional authority (Yale vs. office building)
4. Group influence (extraordinary group loyalty such as 9/11 firefighters)

Front 114

6 Predictors of conformity

Back 114

1. group size
2. unanimity
3. cohesion
4. status
5. public response
6. no prior commitment

Front 115

Which is more influential, reason or emotion?

Back 115

It depends on the audience. Well-educated/analytical audience is more likely to respond to rationality. Also, people motivated to listen. (central route). For those who are uneducated on the topic of discussion etc. (ex voting), emotion is better (peripheral route).

Front 116

Are messages more or less persuasive when good feelings are involved?

Back 116

More persuasive because they enhance positive thinking and motivate people to think and also link good feelings with the message.

Front 117

when people are happy, do they think more or less before making a decision?

Back 117

Less, they make quicker decisions and rely more on peripheral cues than someone who is unhappy.

Front 118

AAre messages effective when evoking negative feelings or fear?

Back 118

Fear can be arousing and effective when trying to persuade people. however, when the fear pertains to a pleasurable activity (sex, smoking) the result is many times denial.

Front 119

Fear evoking messages are more effective when they lead people not only to fear the severity and likelihood of something but also to perceive a _________ and feel capable of _______________ it.

Back 119

solution; implementing

Front 120

Is it better to give a one-sided argument or include the two sides of it?

Back 120

If your audience will be exposed to opposing views, offer a two-sided appeal. If not, a one-sided message is more persuasive

Front 121

Persuasion _______ as the significance and familiarity of the issue _________.

Back 121

decreases; increase.

Front 122

_________ can make things believable and increases its fluency.

Back 122

repetition

Front 123

Personal experience is ________ influential than media in persuasion.

Back 123

more

Front 124

How does the media influence persuasion?

Back 124

They use opinion leaders (individuals perceived as experts).

Front 125

The more _________ the medium media uses, the ________ influential it will be.

Back 125

lifelike; more

Front 126

Messages are best _________ and _________ when writte.

Back 126

comprehended; recalled

Front 127

How does age of an audience matter when receiving a message?

Back 127

Young people's attitudes are more subject to change.

Front 128

lifecycle explanation for audience age and attitude change vs. generational explanation for audience age and attitude change.

Back 128

attitudes change as people become older; attitudes don't change, older people largely hold onto the attitudes they had when young and these attitudes are diff. than young people have today causing a generation gap. (evidence mostly supports generational evidence)

Front 129

How does forewarning an audience affect persuasion?

Back 129

Audiences that are forewarned of what they are about to hear are less likely to budge than those who were not warned.

Front 130

How does distracting an audience affect persuasion?

Back 130

Verbal persuasion is enhanced by something slightly distracting, esp. effective with a simple message (ex. political ads, words promote candidate and images keep us occupied so we don't analyze the words.)

Front 131

Stimulating _________ make strong messages ______ persuasive and weak messages ________ persuasive.

Back 131

thinking;more;less