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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the steps in the process of sensation?
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1. Stimulus Energy
2. Stimulation of Sensory Receptors 3. Neural Impulses (transduction) 4. Processing at association areas |
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What did Hubel & Wiesel discover?
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The concept that the brain has feature detectors. Experimented with cats.
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Balint's Syndrome
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Damage to the association cortex of the parietal lobe resulting in difficulties in visual tracking. These people will not be able to cross the street. They will not be able to perceive time and distance. Their world will appear as a jumble of shapes and objects.
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Visual Agnosia
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Results from damage to the temporal lobe. When viewing an object, the affected patient will not be able to identify it. They would be able to describe the features but not recognize the object. If they were to touch it or smell it, they would then be able to identify it. Touching it provides tactile information, which will use another part of the temporal lobe.
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Visual Neglect
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Occurs only when the right parietal lobe is damaged. You will fail to report or notice things observed in the left visual field. You might only shave one side of your face, eat one half of your dinner. Once your attention is drawn to the neglected area, you will be able to notice it. These people rely on training techniques, special eyeglasses etc to help them perceive the neglected left side.
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Form Constancy
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The ability to perceive a familiar shape as such from many different angles.
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Moon Illusion
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Objects closer to the horizon will appear larger than when the same object is farther from the horizon
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Motion Paralax
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When moving, the background will pass more slowly than the foreground. This allows one to perceive the relative distance of the objects.
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How was consciousness described by philosophers
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It was described as the ability to verbalize one's thoughts. Not useful for people and creatures with no language.
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How is consiousness more recently described
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It is treated as a symbolic awareness of mental processes
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How is the capacity of attention referred to
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It is referred to as limited
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Controlled Processing
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Controlled processing occurs when you select and focus on a particular event. When you learn a new activity, you rely on controlled processing.
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Automatic Processing
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Once familiar with an acitivity, it requires little to no conscious effort to execute.
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Stroop Effect
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When an automatic process conflicts with a controlled process, it is often difficult to proceed with the controlled process
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Explicit Memory
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Memory that can be consiously retreived
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Implicit Memory
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Memory that cannot be consiously retrieved such as motor memory
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Sub-cortical memory structure
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Sub Cortical memory lies below the cerebral cortex and involves motor tasks
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Cortical Memory Structure
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Cortical memoryies occur in the cortex and explicit memories
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What type of memory is accessed during hypnosis?
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Implicit Memory
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How does Huntington's affect memory?
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Initially explicit memory is unaffected but implicit memories cannot be perfomred and the patient cannot learn new motor tasks but can remember trying.
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How does Alzheimer's affect memory?
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Initially, implicit memory is unaffected. The patient can learn new motor tasks but cannot remember learning them.
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Visual Agnosia
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Occurs with damage to the visual association areas. The patient cannot identify objects by sight alone. Additional stimuli, such as touch is required to identify the object
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What is monitored during a sleep study?
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1. Eye movements (Electrodes) 2. Muscle tension (EMG) 3. Brain Waves (EEG) 4. Body Movements (camera)
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Beta Waves
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Occur during normal wakefulness. The brain is processing several conscious and unconscious stimuli.
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Alpha Waves
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Occurs in a state of relaxation. A creative, imaginative brain state. People are more prone to insight in this state. Present when hypnotized.
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Theta Waves
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Occur during the first stage of sleep. Small spikes in activity called sleep spindles are observed.
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Delta Waves
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Occur during sleep. Amplitude increases from theta waves but frequency is lower.
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REM Waves
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Look similar to beta waves. Called paradoxical sleep. Dreams occur here. Motor cortex is active but disengaged from the body.
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How many stages of sleep are there?
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5 including REM
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How long does each sleep stage last?
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Approximately 90 minutes
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What two parts did Freud think dreams had?
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Latent Content and Manifest Content
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Latent Content
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The unconscious, hidden meaning of dreams
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Manifest Content
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The part of dreams you can remember
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What is a more moden theory of dreams?
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Dreaming results from cortical synthesis of randon neural activity. Another theory is that the brain cycles through the day's experiences and reinforces or weakens neural connections.
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What part of the brain regulates circadian rhythms?
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The supercharismatic nucleus - part of the hypothalamus
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What does the supercharsmitic nucleus regulate in addition to circadian rhythms?
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body temperature, metabolism, blood pressure, hormone levels, and hunger
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What is the evolutionary explanation for sleep cycles
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Predator prey relationships
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What is the sociocognitive approach to hypnosis?
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Hypnotic behavior is social action that reflects how a person belives a hypnotized person should behave.
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Who developed the sociocognitive approach?
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Nick Spanos from Carleton University
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What is the dissociation theory of hypnosis?
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Hypnosis is a split in conscousness in which one part works independently of the other.
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Who developed the dissociation theory of hypnosis?
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Hilgard
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How does a hypnotized subject respond to pain
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They express an awareness of it but through a "hidden observer"
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How do opiates and opioids affect a patient?
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1. They induce relaxation 2. Provide relief from anxiety and pain
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What are some common opiates?
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Morphine, Heroine, Methodone, Opium
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What are barbituates?
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Powerful sedatives that alleviate tension, bring about relaxation and sleep
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What are benzodiazepines?
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Used to treat anxiety disorders and stress-related physical disorders
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How do cocaine and methamphetamies affect snapses?
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They block dopamine reuptake
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What are some common halucenogens
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LSD, THC, Ecstasy
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Glutamate
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An amino acid that stimulates learning and neural connections
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Learning
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A relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavior potential) in response to experience
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Habituation
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Learning not to respond to an unimportant stimulus - the simplest form of learning
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US
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Unconditioned stimuli - events that elicit an unconditioned response - a loud noise, smell etc
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UR
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Unconditioned Response - physiological or reflexive response to an unconditioned stimulus
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NS
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Neutral Stimulus - a stimulus which has no significance to the subject - once a contingency is established and the NS elicits a response, it is called the Conditioned Stimulus
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CS
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Conditioned Stimulus - an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned response.
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CR
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Conditioned Response - a response elicited by a CS; it occurs after the CS has been associated with a US
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What is the biological value of classical conditioning
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It allows the learner to respond to important events more quickly
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Token Economy
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Previously unimportant stimuli that acquire the importance of important stimuli
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Acquisition
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The process of a Neutral Stimuls becoming a Conditioned Stimulus
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Extinction
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The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response
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Spontaneous Recovery
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The spontaneous recurrence of the association between a terminated CS-CR relationship
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What factors affect the rate of acquisition?
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1. Stimulus intensity
2. Time between the NS and the US |
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Generalization
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The response to stimuli similar to the discriminative stimulus (CS)
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Systematic Desensitization
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The subject is introduced to objects that increasingly resemble a phobia in order to terminate the fear response. Gradually exposing the subject to the ojbect of fear is generally more successful at eliminating the phobia
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Phobia
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Irrational fear of objects or situations learned through classical conditioning
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Discrimination
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Responding only to a specific stimulus and ignoring similar ones
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What does CS+ and CS - mean in discrimination trg
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CS + means that the US follows; CS - means that it doesn't
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Law of Effect
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The idea that the consequences of a behaviour determine the likelihood of it recurring - Thorndike
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Reinforcement
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The process by which a stimulus or event increases the likelihood of a behavior recurring
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Punishment
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The process by which a stimulus or event decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring
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Primary Reinforcer
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They are inherently reinforcing and satisfy a need
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Secondary Reinforcer
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They have acquired reinforcing properties through an association with a primary reinforcer
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Primary Punisher
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Something inherently undesirable - spanking, yelling, electric shock
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Secondary Punisher
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something that acquires punishing properties through association with a primary punisher
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What are some of the negative aspects of using Punishment to influence behavior
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1. risk of injury
2. inducement of fear and hostility 3. only teaches what not to do; doesn't teach apropriate behavior 4. might unwittingly be a reinforcer (attention) |
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Vicarious learning
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Learning through observation
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Shaping
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A method of successive approximations
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What are the various schedules of reinforcement
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Continuous and Intermittent
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Continuous reinforcement
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A behavior is always reinforced
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Intermittent reinforcement
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A behavior is sometimes reinforced
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Ratio of reinforcement
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The number of behaviors required to elicit reinforcement or punishment
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Interval of reinforcement
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The length of time following a behavior that a reinforcer of punishment is introduced
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Avoidance Learning
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By avoiding phobias, you reinforce the behavior of running away from your fears. It eventually makes the phobia harder to deal with
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Figure - Ground
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Figure: Perceived as a self-contained object
Ground: a formless background agains which objects are seen |
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How are figure boundaries defined
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1. changes in brightness
2. changes in texture 3. canges in color |
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What are the 4 gestalt laws of grouping?
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1. Proximity
2. Similarity 3. Continuity 4. Closure |
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What are 3 models of pattern perception?
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1. Templates
2. Prototypes 3. Distinctive Features |
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Binocular Cue
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Visual cues to depth or distance that require use of both eyes
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Monocular Cue
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Visual cues to depth or distance that require only one eye
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Convergence
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Turning inward of the eyes; occurs wen focusing on a nearby object
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Retinal Disparity
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Difference in lateral separation b/w two objects as seen by the left and right eye
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What are the 6 monocular cues for depth perception
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1. Retinal Image
2. Linear Perspective 3. Shading 4. Interposition 5. Proximity to horizon 6. Texture |
