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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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brainstem
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oldest part and centreal core of the brain, beginnig where spinal cord swells as it enters the skill - automatic survival funtions
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medulla
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the base of the brainstem controls heart beat and breathing
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reticular formation
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a nerve network in the braintstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
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blindsight
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area of blindness in part of field of vision
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thalamus
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recieves info from all sense except smell and routes it to the brain and regions that deal with seeing hearing tasting touching directs to medulla and cerebellum.
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cerebellum
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"little brain" enables one type of non verbal learning and memory emotions discriminate sounds and textures coordinates voluntary movement.
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limbic system
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hippocampus, processes memory emotions such as fear and anger basic motives.
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hypothalamus
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lymbics system performs specific bodily maintenance duties influence hunger regulate thirts body temp.
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amygdala
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influence aggression and fear
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what proccesses memory?
what happens if damaged? |
hippocampus.
unable to process new memories. |
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what is a cerebral cortex?
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brains thinkin crown. bodys ultimate control and information processing center.
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what is temporal lobe?
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on sides on head. recieves information from ears.
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what is the auditory cortex?
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also recieve information from ears
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what is wernicks area?
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contols language reception a braing area involved in language comprehension and expression (auditory code)
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what is an occipital lobe?
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part of cerebral corted lying at back includes visual areas each recieving info from opposite visual field
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what is a visual cortex?
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rear of brain recieve input from eyes
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what is parietal lobe?
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recieves sensory input for touch and body postition
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what is a sensory cortex?
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processes body touch and movement sensations
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what is the frontal lobe?
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involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements
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what is motor cortex
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area at the rear of the frontal lobes that contols voluntary movements
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what is broca's area?
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controls launguage expression contols muscle movements involved in speech.
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what is the corpus callosum?
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carry messages between two brain hemispheres
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what is split-brain?
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a condition in which the brains two hemispheres are isolated by cutting the fibers .. the corpus callosum.
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plasticity?
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ability to modify itself after some types of damage.
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ch.7
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learning
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what is learning?
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a relatively permanent change in an organism behavior due to experience.
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what is associative learning?
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learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences
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what is behaviorism?
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the view that psychology (1) should be and objective science (2) that studies behavior without reference to mental processes most ppl agree with 1
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what is classical condtioning?
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a type of learning in which an orgainigms comes to associate stimuli. a neutral stimuli that signals US begins
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what is UCR?
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the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the uncondiotioned stimulus ex. salivation when food is in the mouth
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what is UCS?
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a stimulus that inconditionally naturally and automattically triggers a response
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what is CS?
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an originally irrelevant stimilus that after association with an uncondtioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response.
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what is CR?
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the learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned.
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what is acquisition?
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the initial stage in classical conditioning , the phase associating a neutral stimulus w/ an unconditioned stimulus so tha the neutral stimulus come to elicit a conditioned response.
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what is extinction?
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the diminishing of a condtioned response occurs in CC when an US does not follow a CS
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what is spontaneous recovery?
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the reappearance after a pause of an extinguished CR
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what is generalization?
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the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
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what is discrimination?
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in CC the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US
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what is C. taste aversion?
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ex. becoming violently ill after eating something.. you will have a hard time eating them again because its a CS or reaction.
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what is operant conditioning?
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a type of learning in which behavior is stregthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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what is respondent behavior?
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behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
ex.salivating to meat and then tone |
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what is operant behavior?
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behavior that operates on the environment , producing consequences.
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what is the law of effect?
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rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur
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what is operant chamber?
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a chamber also known as a skinner box, a containing bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food and water reinforcer..
ex. animal pecks a water bottle.. they get water. |
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what is reinforcement?
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any event that streghthens a preceding response.
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positive reinforcement?
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increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli such as food.
ex. getting a hug ex. recieving a paycheck |
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negative reinforcement?
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increasing behaviors stopping or reducing negative stimuli such as shock when removed after a response strenghtens the response .. not punishment
ex. takins aspirin relieves headache ex. snooze button stops annoying noise from alarm |
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what is punishment?
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an event that decreses the behavior it follows
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what is a primary reinforcer?
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an innately reinforcing stimulus , such as one that satisfies a biological need.
ex. getting food when hungry |
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what is a secondary/conditioned reinforcer?
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learned
ex. rat knows food comes when light turns on.. rat turns on light for food. light in the conditioned reinforcer. |
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what is shaping?
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an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide as behavior toward closer and closer approx. od the desired behavior.
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what is extinction?
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diminishing of CR occurs in CC when an US does not follow CS occurs in operant C when a response is no longer reinforced.
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what is discriminative stimulus?
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ex. green traffic light signals that a response will be reinforced
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what is continuous reinforcement?
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reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
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what is partial reinforcement?
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reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower aqcuistion of a response but much greater in resistance to extinction than oes continous reinforcement
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what is fixed-ratio schedule?
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in OC a reinforcent schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified numer of responses.
card with buy 10 drinks get 1 free. |
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what is variable ratio schedule?
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in OC a reinforcement sched. that reinforces a response after an unpredictable # of responses.
ex. slot machines |
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what is fixed-interval sched.?
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in Oc a reinforcemtn sched. that reinforces a response only after a specified time elapse
ex. checking to see if jello is set |
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what is variable-interval sched.?
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in operant condtioning a reinforcement ched. that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
ex. you got mail. unexpected.. not waiting. |
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what is a cognitive map?
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a mental representation of the layout of ones environment.
ex. after exploring a maze rats act as if they have learned a cog. map to it |
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what is latent learning?
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learning that occurs but it not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
ex. kids learn from parents and later repeat when needed. |
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what is behavior modification?
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reonforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors or punishing them
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what is observational learning?
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we learn from others experiences and examples
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what is modeling?
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process of observing and imitating others.
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what is dopamine?
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influences movement, learning attention, & emotion
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what is neuroscience?
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how the brain & body enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
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what is a neuron?
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basic building block of the nervous system
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what is synapse?
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the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the recieving neuron
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what are biological psychologists?
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they study the branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology & behavior
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what is the all-or-none response?
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neurons reaction.
like guns when you push hard on trigger it doesnt fire harder. neurons are the same it doesn not affect action , potentials, strength, or speed |
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what is reputake?
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sending neurons normally reabsorbs excess neurotransmitter molecules is a process
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what is inhibitory signals?
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pushing the brakes
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what is excitatory signals?
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pushing a neurons accelerators
trigger an action potential |
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what is an action potential?
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a brief electrical charge that travels down its axon
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what are endorphins?
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"morphine withing"- natural, operate like neurottransmitter linked to pain control & pleasure
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what is an axon?
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extension of a neuron, ending in branchin terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands
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what is dendrite?
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recieve info and conduct it toward the cell body
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what is the cell body?
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the cells life support center
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what is the myelin sheath?
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covers the axons of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses
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what is threshold?
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level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
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what is serotonin?
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affects mood,hunger,sleep and arousal
ex. antidepressent drugs raise secretion levels |
