Test 1 Cognitive Psychology

Front 1

What is cognitive psychology?

Back 1

Cognitive psychology is the study of how we perceive, learn, remember, and think about information

Front 2

Empiricism

Back 2

knowledge attained through observation

Front 3

Rationalism

Back 3

knowledge attained through logical analysis/introspection

Front 4

Who are the rationalists?

Back 4

Descartes- "cogito ergo sum" - I think therefore I am

Kant - Synthesized rationalism and empiricism and said they are both necessary and important in obtaining information

Front 5

Who are the empiricists?

Back 5

John Locke - believed in "Tabula Rasa" (blank slate) He believed we all start out as blank slates and write onto them through knowledge we obtain through direct observation.

Front 6

Who is cognitive psychology traced back to?

Back 6

Ulric Neisser (1967) who published the first Cognitive Psychology book

Front 7

Plato's "aviary metaphor" and "cave allegory"

Back 7

Aviary Metaphor - our memories are like birds in a cage that flock together. Once you activate one memory, related memories become available to become activated.
Cave Metaphor - we perceive shadows of what reality is

Front 8

Hobbes

Back 8

believed the source of knowledge is sensation

Front 9

Who opposed Plato's view?

Back 9

Aristotle

Front 10

Structuralism

Back 10

understand the mind's structure by analyzing it's elements

Front 11

Who is "The Father of Scientific Psychology" and what did he do?

Back 11

Wilhelm Wundt - founded first psychology lab, used introspection(studied himself) to study behavior

Front 12

Functionalism

Back 12

seeks to understand the processes rather than the content of thought

Front 13

William James is associated with...

Back 13

Functionalism

Front 14

William James

Back 14

helped develop the functionalist thought to combat the introspection method

Front 15

Behaviorism

Back 15

stresses that the focus should be on ONLY the relation between observable behavior and stimuli/events

Front 16

Thorndike - "Law of Effect"

Back 16

when you are rewarded for a behavior you learn it faster.
Satisfaction = reward
-Satisfaction is the key to forming associations

Front 17

Watson

Back 17

Radical Behaviorism

Front 18

Pavlov

Back 18

Classical Conditioning, involuntary learning with dogs

Front 19

Associationism

Back 19

examines events or ideas and how they become associated with one another in the mind as a form of learning

Front 20

Father of Memory Research

Back 20

Herman Ebbinghaus

Front 21

What are the three areas of influence for Modern Cognitive Psychology?

Back 21

1. Human Factors - study of human skills and performance

2. Computer Science and A.I. - the machine metaphor of cognition

3. Linguistics

Front 22

What is the purpose of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) ?

Back 22

handles the input and output to and from the brain (its the interface between the brain and the rest of the body)

Front 23

What are the two parts of the PNS?

Back 23

1. The Somatic Division
2. The Autonomic Division

Front 24

Autonomic Division

Back 24

regulates the internal organs and glands (heart, lungs, stomach)

Front 25

Somatic Division

Back 25

- controls skeletal muscles and permits voluntary action
- receives info from skin and muscles and conveys info to the brain

Front 26

What are the two parts of the autonomic division?

Back 26

1) Sympathetic System: controls bodily functions in emergency situations
2) Parasympathetic System: active all of the other times, for your idle processes

Front 27

Central Nervous System

Back 27

- contains the brain and spinal cord
- interprets sensory info and sends out appropriate commands to the muscles, glands, and internal organs.

Front 28

-regulates all bodily functions
- controls our most primitive behaviors (eating, sleeping, biological response to keeping warm, etc)
- also responsible for our most sophisticated behaviors (creating music, arts, poetry, science, language)

Back 28

the brain

Front 29

What are the contents of the Hindbrain?

Back 29

- reticular activating system
- cerebellum
- pons
- medulla

Front 30

What are the contents of the Forebrain?

Back 30

-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus
-Limbic System
-Cerebral Cortex

Front 31

Midbrain

Back 31

relay station between hindbrain and forebrain
- all info going into the brain must pas through the midbrain

Front 32

The left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is associated with ....

The right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is associated with ....

Back 32

left hemisphere - language
right hemisphere - visual/spatial

Front 33

What are the left and right hemispheres of the brain connected by?

Back 33

the corpus callosum

Front 34

Contralateral

Back 34

the left half of the brain controls the right half of the body, and the right half of the brain controls the left half of the body.

Front 35

Ipsilateral

Back 35

The same side of the brain controls the same side of the body

Front 36

Most functions are _____/_____lateral?

Back 36

Contralateral

Front 37

What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and what are they associated with?

Back 37

1) Occipital Lobe - vision
2) Parietal Lobe - body perceptions
3) Frontal Lobe - motor activity, higher cognitive function, emotion
4) Temporal Lobe - audition

Front 38

Soma

Back 38

cell, contains nucleus, connects dendrites to the axon

Front 39

Dendrites

Back 39

branch like structures that receive messages from axons and delivers them to the soma

Front 40

Axon

Back 40

sends messages to other neurons

Front 41

Sensory Neurons

Back 41

special neurons that delivers messages from the body to the central nervous system

Front 42

Motor Neurons

Back 42

special neurons that send messages from the CNS to muscles and glands

Front 43

Interneurons

Back 43

the "in-betweens"; how motor and sensory neurons communicate

Front 44

Synapse

Back 44

gap between the axon of sending neuron and the dendrites of the receiving neuron

Front 45

What are the three important neurotransmitters?

Back 45

1) acetylcholine
2) dopamine
3) seratonin

Front 46

Acetylcoholine

Back 46

Learning and Memory

Front 47

mezzi (pl.) di trasporto

Back 47

means of transportation

Front 48

Serotonin

Back 48

Arousal, Sleep, mood, sensitivity to Pain

Front 49

ERPS (Event Related Potentials)

Back 49

electrical patterns of the brain are time-locked to some extent

(best temporal resolution, poor spatial resolution -tells you when activity occurs, not where)

An event-related potential (ERP) is any measured brain response that is directly the result of a thought or perception.

Front 50

PET(Positron Emission Tomography)

Back 50

radiological tag is attached to glucose to measure the active part of the brain. (poor temporal resolution, better spatial resolution - tells you where, not when)

Front 51

fMRI Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Back 51

resolution measures oxygen consumption in active parts of the brain by differentiating between oxyhemoglobin and deoxy hemoglobin
- best spatial resolution... 3d image.

Front 52

Attention

Back 52

- the means by which we actively process a limited amount of info from the enormous amount of info available through our senses, our stored memories & other cognitive processes

- includes both conscious and unconscious processes

Front 53

consciousness

Back 53

the feeling of awareness and the content of awareness

Front 54

Preconscious Processing / level of awareness

Back 54

information that is currently available for cognitive processing but that currently lies outside conscious awareness exists at this level.
-includes stored memories that aren't being used at a given time but can be summoned when needed

Front 55

Priming

Back 55

recognition of certain stimuli is affected by prior presentation of the same or similar stimuli

Front 56

What are the three functions of attention?

Back 56

1)Signal Detection - detect appearance of a certain stimulus
2) Selective Attention
3) Divided Attention

Front 57

Signal Detection Theory

Back 57

Make detection judgments based on inconclusive information with some criteria for target decisions (See/memorize chart in notes)