Principles Of Nutrition Chapter 10

Front 1

Bioavailability

Back 1

the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

Front 2

Precursors

Back 2

sustances that precede others; with regard to vitamins, compounds that can be converted into active vitamins

Front 3

Provitamins

Back 3

another name for precursors

Front 4

Thiamin

Back 4

a B vitamin; the coenzym form is TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate

Front 5

Beriberi

Back 5

the thiamin deficiency disease

Front 6

Riboflavin

Back 6

a B vitamin; the coenzyme forms are FMN (Flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)

Front 7

Niacin

Back 7

a B vitamin, the coenzyme forms are NAD (Nicotinamide adenin dinucleotide) and NADP (the phosphate form of NAD). It can be eaten preformed or made in the body from its precursor, tryptophan, on of the amino acids

Front 8

Niacin equivalents (NE)

Back 8

the amount of niacin present in food, including the niacin that can theoretically be made from its precursor, tryptophan, present in the food

Front 9

Pellagra

Back 9

the niacin-deficiency disease

Front 10

Niacin Flush

Back 10

a temporary burning, tingling, and itching sensation that occurs when a person take a large dose of nicotinic acid, often accompanied by a headache and reddened face, arms, and chest

Front 11

Biotin

Back 11

a B vitamin that functions as a coenzyme in metabolism

Front 12

Pantothenic Acid

Back 12

a B vitamin; the principle active form is part of coenzyme A, called "CoA"

Front 13

Vitamin B6

Back 13

a family of compounds - pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine; the primary active coenzyme form is PLP (pyridoxal phosphate)

Front 14

Antagonist

Back 14

a competing factor that counteracts the action of another factor; when a drug displaces a vitamin from its site of action, the drug renders the vitamin ineffective and thus acts as this

Front 15

carpal tunnel syndrome

Back 15

a pinched nerve at the wrist, causing pain or numbness in the hand; it is often caused by repetitive motion of the wrist

Front 16

Folate

Back 16

a B vitamin; also known as folic acid, folacin, or pteroylglutamic acid (PGA); the coenzyme forms are DHF (dihydrofolate) and THF (tetrahydrofolate)

Front 17

Dietary Folate Equivalents (DFE)

Back 17

the amount of folate available to the body from naturally occurring sources, fortified foods, and supplements, accounting for differences in the bioavailability from each source

Front 18

Neural Tube Defects

Back 18

malformations of the brain, spinal cord, or both during embryonic development that often result in lifelong disability or death

Front 19

Neural Tube

Back 19

the embryonic tissue that forms the brain and spinal cord

Front 20

Anemia

Back 20

literally "too little blood"; it is any condition in which too few red blood cells are present, or red blood cells are immature (and therefore large) or too small or contain too little hemoglobin to carry the normal amount of oxygen to the tissues; it is not a disease itself but can be a symptom of many different disease conditions, including many nutrient deficiencies, bleeding, excessive red blood cell destruction, and defective red blood cell formation

Front 21

Vitamin B12

Back 21

a B vitamin characterized by the presence of cobalt; the active forms of its coenzyme are methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin

Front 22

Intrinsic factor

Back 22

a glycoprotein (a protein with short polysaccharide chains attached) secreted by the stomach cells that binds with vitamin B12 in the small intestine to aid in the absorption of vitamin B12

Front 23

Atrophic Gastritis

Back 23

chronic inflammation of the stomach accompanied by diminished size and functioning of the mucous membrane and glands

Front 24

Pernicious Anemia

Back 24

a blood disorder that reflects a vitamin B12 deficiency caused by lack of intrinsic factor and characterized by abnormally large and immature red blood cells. Other symptoms include muscle weakness and irreversible neurological damage.

Front 25

Inositol

Back 25

a nonessential nutrient that can be made in the body from glucose. It is part of cell membrane structures.

Front 26

Carnitine

Back 26

a nonessential, nonprotein amino acid made in the body from lyine that helps transport fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane

Front 27

Scurvy

Back 27

the vitamin C deficiency disease

Front 28

Antiscorbutic factor

Back 28

the original name for vitamin C

Front 29

Ascorbic Acis

Back 29

on of the two active forms of Vitamin C

Front 30

Antioxidant

Back 30

a substance in foods that significantly decreases the adverse effects of free radicals on normal physiological functions in the human body

Front 31

Free Radicals

Back 31

unstable molecules with on or more unpaired electrons

Front 32

Oxidative Stress

Back 32

a condition in which the production of oxidants and free radicals exceeds the body's ability to handle them and prevent damange

Front 33

Histamine

Back 33

a substance produced by cells of the immune system as part of a local immune reaction to an antigen; participates in causing inflammation

Front 34

False Positive

Back 34

a test result indicating that a condition is present when in fact it is not

Front 35

False Negative

Back 35

a test result indicating that a condition is not present when in fact it is present

Front 36

FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

Back 36

a part of the Department of Health and Human Services' Public Health Service that is responsible for ensuring the safety and wholesomeness of all dietary supplements and food processed and sold in interstate commerce except meat, poultry, and eggs; inspecting food plants and imported foods; and setting standards for food composition and product labeling

Front 37

High Potency

Back 37

100% or more of a Daily Value for the nutrient in a single supplement and for at least two-thirds of the nutrients in a multinutrient supplement.

Front 38

Supplement

Back 38

any pill, capsule, tablet, liquid, or powder that contains vitamins, minerals, herbs, or amino acids; intended to increase dietary intake of these substances

Front 39

What are the key factors of water soluble vitamins?

Back 39

1) absorbed directly into the blood
2) transported freely
3) circulate freely in water-filled parts of the body
4) kidneys detect and remove excess in urine
5) possible to reach toxic levels when consumed from supplements, but not as easily as with fat-soluble
6) needed in frequent doses (daily or 1-3 days)

Front 40

What are the key factors of fat soluble vitamins?

Back 40

1) absorbed first into the lymph, then the blood
2) many require protein carriers
3) stored in the cells associated with fat
4) less readily excreted; tend to remain in fat-storage sites
5) likely to reach toxic levels when consumed from supplements
6) needed in periodic doses (perhaps weeks or even months)

Front 41

What is the chief function of thiamin?

Back 41

part of coenzyme TPP used in energy metabolism

Front 42

What are significant sources of thiamin?

Back 42

whole grain, fortified, or enriched grain products, pork, soymilk

Front 43

What diseases and symptoms are associated with thiamin deficiency?

Back 43

Beriberi (wet with edema; dry with muscle wasting)
-enlarged heart, cardiac failure
-muscle weakness
-apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion irritability
-anorexia, weight loss

Front 44

What toxicity symptoms are associated with thiamin?

Back 44

none reported

Front 45

What is the chief function of riboflavin?

Back 45

part of coenzymes FMN and FAD used in energy metabolism

Front 46

What are significant sources of riboflavin?

Back 46

milk products; whole grain, fortified, or enriched grain products; liver

Front 47

What diseases and symptoms are associated with riboflavin deficiency?

Back 47

Ariboflavinosis
-sore throat
-cracks and redness at corners of mouth
-painful, smooth, purplish red tongue
-inflammation characterized by skin lesions covered with greasy scales

Front 48

What toxicity symptoms are associated with riboflavin?

Back 48

none reported

Front 49

What is the chief function of niacin in the body?

Back 49

part of coenzymes NAD and NADP used in energy metabolism

Front 50

What are significant sources of niacin?

Back 50

-milk, eggs, meat, poultry, fish
-whole-grain, fortified, and enriched grain products
-nuts and all protein-containing foods

Front 51

What deficiency disease and symptoms are associated with niacin deficiency?

Back 51

Pellagra
-diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting
-inflamed, swollen, smooth, bright red tongue
-depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache
-bilateral symmetrical rash on areas exposed to sunlight

Front 52

What are toxicity symptoms of niacin?

Back 52

-painful flush, hives and rash
-nausea and vomiting
-liver damage
-impaired glucose tolerance

Front 53

What is the chief function of biotin in the body?

Back 53

part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis

Front 54

What are significant sources of biotin?

Back 54

widespread in foods
-liver, egg yolks, soybeans, fish whole grains
-produced by GI bacteria

Front 55

What are deficiency symptoms of biotin?

Back 55

depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs
-red, scaly rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth
-hair loss

Front 56

What are toxicity symptoms of biotin?

Back 56

none reported

Front 57

What is the chief function of pantothenic acid in the body?

Back 57

part of coenzyme A, used in energy metabolism

Front 58

What are significant sources of pantothenic acid?

Back 58

widespread in foods
-chicken, beef, potatoes, oats, tomoatoes, liver egg yold, broccoli, whole grains
-easily destroyed by food processing

Front 59

What are deficiency symptoms of pantothenic acid?

Back 59

-vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps
-insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy
-hypoglycemia, increase sensitivity to insulin
-numbness, muscle cramps, inability to walk

Front 60

What are toxicity symptoms of pantothenic acid?

Back 60

none reported

Front 61

What are the chief function of vitamin B6 in the body?

Back 61

part of coenzymes PLP and PMP used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism
-helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin -helps to make red blood cells

Front 62

What are significant sources of vitamin B6?

Back 62

meats, fish, poultry, potatoes and other starchy vegetables, legumes, noncitrus fruits, fortified cereals, liver, soy products

Front 63

What are deficiency symptoms of vitamin B6?

Back 63

-scaly dermatits
-anemia (small-cell type)
-depression
-confusion
-convulsions

Front 64

What are toxicity symptoms of vitamin B6?

Back 64

-depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to an inability to walk and convulsions
-skin lesions

Front 65

What are the chief functions of folate in the body?

Back 65

part of coenzymes THF and DHF used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation

Front 66

What are significant food sources of folate?

Back 66

fortified grains, leafy green vegetables, legumes, seeds, liver

Front 67

What are deficiency symptoms of folate?

Back 67

-anemia (large-cell type)
-smooth, red tongue
-mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache
-shortness of breath
-elevated homocysteine

Front 68

What are toxicity symptoms of folate?

Back 68

masks vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms

Front 69

What are the chief functions of vitamin B12 in the body?

Back 69

part of coenzymes methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalmin used in new cell synthesis
-helps to maintain nerve cell
-reforms folate coenzyme
-helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids

Front 70

What are significant food sources of vitamin B12?

Back 70

foods of animal orgina (meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, milk, cheese, eggs), fortified cereals

Front 71

What are deficiency diseases and symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency?

Back 71

Pernicious anemia
-anemia (large-cell typ)
-fatigue, degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis
-sore tongue
-loss of appetite
-constipation

Front 72

What are toxicity symptoms of vitamin B12?

Back 72

none reported

Front 73

What is the chief function of choline in the body?

Back 73

needed for the synthesis of the nuerotransmitter acetylcholine and the phospholipid lecithin

Front 74

What are significant food sources of choline?

Back 74

milk, liver, eggs, peanuts

Front 75

What are deficiency symptoms of choline?

Back 75

liver damage

Front 76

What are toxicity symptoms of choline?

Back 76

body odor, sweating, salivation, reduced growth rate, low blood pressure, liver damage

Front 77

What is the chief function of niacin in the body?

Back 77

part of coenzymes NAD and NADP used in energy metabolism

Front 78

What are significant sources of niacin?

Back 78

-milk, eggs, meat, poultry, fish
-whole-grain, fortified, and enriched grain products
-nuts and all protein-containing foods

Front 79

What deficiency disease and symptoms are associated with niacin deficiency?

Back 79

Pellagra
-diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting
-inflamed, swollen, smooth, bright red tongue
-depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache
-bilateral symmetrical rash on areas exposed to sunlight

Front 80

What are toxicity symptoms of niacin?

Back 80

-painful flush, hives and rash
-nausea and vomiting
-liver damage
-impaired glucose tolerance

Front 81

What is the chief function of biotin in the body?

Back 81

part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis

Front 82

What are significant sources of biotin?

Back 82

widespread in foods
-liver, egg yolks, soybeans, fish whole grains
-produced by GI bacteria

Front 83

What are deficiency symptoms of biotin?

Back 83

depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs
-red, scaly rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth
-hair loss

Front 84

What are toxicity symptoms of biotin?

Back 84

none reported

Front 85

What is the chief function of pantothenic acid in the body?

Back 85

part of coenzyme A, used in energy metabolism

Front 86

What are significant sources of pantothenic acid?

Back 86

widespread in foods
-chicken, beef, potatoes, oats, tomoatoes, liver egg yold, broccoli, whole grains
-easily destroyed by food processing

Front 87

What are the chief functions in the body of Vitamin C?

Back 87

-collagen synthesis (strengthens blood vessel walls, forms scare tissues, provides matrix for bone growth
-antioxidant
-thyroxin synthesis, amino acid metabolism
-strengthens resistance to infections
-helps in absorption of iron

Front 88

What are significant food sources of vitamin C?

Back 88

citrus fruits, cabbage-type vegetables (such as brussel sprouts, sprouts, and cauliflower), dark green vegetables, cantaloupe, strawberries, lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes, papayas, mangoes

Front 89

What are deficiency disease and deficiency symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency?

Back 89

Scurvy
-anemia (small-cell type)
-atherosclerotic plaques, pinpoint hemorrhages
-bone fragility, joint pain
-poor wound healing, frequent infections
-bleeding gums, loosened teeth
-muscle degeneration and pain, hysteria, depression
-rough skin, blotchy bruises

Front 90

What are toxicity symptoms of Vitamin C?

Back 90

nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea
-headache, fatigue, insomina
-hot flashes, rashes
-interference with medical tests, aggravation of gout symptoms
-urinary tract problems, kidney stones