Nutrition 251 Final

Front 1

What is a coenzyme?

Back 1

A coenzyme is either a vitamin (biotin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B12 are examples) or a provitamin plus an added molecular structure (examples are in the table above). Coenzymes assist in the catalytic actions of enzymes. Some enzymes need coenzymes whereas many do not.

Front 2

What is the coenzyme for vitamin B1?

Back 2

The coenzyme for vitamin b1 (thiamin) is thiamin pyrophosphate, or TPP.

Front 3

What is the coenzyme for vitamin B2?

Back 3

The coenzyme for vitamin B2 (riboplavin) is FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) and FMN. They both accept and then donate two H+ ions.

Front 4

What is the coenzyme for vitamin B3?

Back 4

The coenzyme for B3 (niacin) is NAD and NADH.

Front 5

What is the coenzyme for vitamin B6?

Back 5

The coenzyme for B6 (pyridozine) is phridoxal phosphate (PLP).

Front 6

What is the coenzyme for vitamin B12?

Back 6

The coenzyme for B12 is Vitamin B12.

Front 7

What is the coenzyme for vitamin C?

Back 7

It doesn't have one, HA!

Front 8

What is the coenzyme for biotin?

Back 8

The coenzyme for biotin is Biotin.

Front 9

What is the coenzyme for pantothenic acid?

Back 9

The coenzyme for pantothenic acid is Coenzyme A.

Front 10

What is the function of Vitamin B1?

Back 10

B1, also known as Thiamin. Facilitates energy metabolism (helps body release energy from digested carbohydrates). Nerve and muscle processes.

Front 11

Vitamin B1 defiency?

Back 11

Thiamin defieicny -- rare. Wernicke-Korsakoff's sundrome (alcoholics) and beriberi (white rice populations). Fatigue, weakness, nerve disorders, mental confusion.

Front 12

Sources of B1?

Back 12

Sources of thiamin-- refined grains. porl.

Front 13

Function of B2?

Back 13

B2 -- aka Riboflavin. Energy metabolism (carbs, proteins, and fats). Cell division, growth and tissue repair.

Front 14

Sources of b2?

Back 14

Sources of riboflavin: milk and milk products, grains, some animal products.

Front 15

Milk in opaque containers?

Back 15

Because riboflavin (b2) is destroyed by light.

Front 16

What is the function of vitamin B3?

Back 16

B3, aka Niacin. Energy metabolism. Oxidation reduction reactions. Nervous function. Used clinically to lower cholesterol.

Front 17

What are sources of vitamin B3?

Back 17

From foods: All meats. fortified grains. From body: The amino acid tryptophan.

Front 18

What is the deficiency disease associated with vitamin b3?

Back 18

(Niacin) Pellagra (4Ds, diarrhea, dermititis, dementia, death). Corn diet. No diffiency is present today.

Front 19

Vitamin B3 toxicity?

Back 19

Niacin flush. 3-4 times RDA. Prickly, itching sensation that lasts 15 to 30 minutes.

Front 20

Sources of biotin?

Back 20

Foods and also synthesized by bacteria in the GI tract.

Front 21

Pantothenic acid

Back 21

Coenzyme A. Release of energy from fats and carts. def is rare, no toxicity. Many food sources.

Front 22

What is the function of vitamin B6?

Back 22

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) assists with protein (amino acid) synthesis, converting tryptophan to niacin, hemoglobin, nervous function. Many different sources in the diet.

Front 23

B6 deficiency?

Back 23

B6, or pyridoxine, defiency can result in dermititis, glossititis, depression, convulsions. However, since it is the only water soluble that can be stored in the body, toxicity can happen.

Front 24

Vitamin B6 is used to treat?

Back 24

Carpal tunnel syndrome and PMS.

Front 25

What is the function of Folate?

Back 25

Folate (B9) is important for protein tissue formation, reactions involving a menthyl group. the production of new cells, DNA and RNA (which is why it is needed durign times of rapid growth like childhood and pregnancy)

Front 26

Folate defieicny?

Back 26

Megaloblastic anemia; neuroal tube defects; a sore red tounge; spina bifida; elevated levels of homocystine (associated with heart disease)

Front 27

What is the difference between folate and folic acid?

Back 27

Folic acid is the synthetic form; it is simpler so it is utilized more readily in the body.

Front 28

Folate toxicity?

Back 28

Folate is effectively reabsorbed/recycled in the body. Toxicity can mask a b12 defieicny (pernicious anemia)

Front 29

Sources of folate?

Back 29

Fortified grains; green leafy vegetables (foliage), oranges

Front 30

Function of cobalamin?

Back 30

The function of cobalamin (aka B12!) is cell division, the production of myelin, nerve tissue

Front 31

Cobalamin defieicny?

Back 31

Pernicious anemia (megaloblasitc anemia from folate defieicny PLUS poor neurological function). Elevated levels of homocysteine, neurological disorders. Older people and vegans are at risk. Can be overcome by v12 injections or a nasal spray. There is no toxicity (like folate, easily recycled).

Front 32

Characteristics of water soluble vitamins.

Back 32

Are absorbed directly into the blood. Circulate freely in water. Have minimal storage (except for B12 and B6) Excess is extreted into the urine (except for b12 and folate). Toxicity is possible with supplments. Consume every few days.

Front 33

Characteristics of fat soluble vitamins.

Back 33

Require bile, enter via the lymph, and then blood. Many require protein carriers. Stored in adipose cells and liver. Tend to remain stored. Toxicity can occur with nsupplments. Consume weekly or monthly.

Front 34

What are carotinoids?

Back 34

Plant pigments. Precursors to vitamin A. Aka provitamin A. Most active one is beta carotine.

Front 35

What is the function of vitamin a?

Back 35

Immunity, growth, vision, reproduction. Maintains mucous membrane of epithelial cells.

Front 36

What is the defiency associated with vitamin A?

Back 36

Blindness

Front 37

Vitamin A toxicity?

Back 37

Hypervitaminosis A. Retinol can cause birth defects. Don't eat a polar bear liver.

Front 38

Sources of vitamin A?

Back 38

Retinol - animal products only. liver, butter, milk and milk products. Beta carotine - dark green, yellow, orange begetables.

Front 39

What are the precursors of vitamin D?

Back 39

Sun and cholesterol are precurors of vitamin D.

Front 40

What is the defieicncy associated with vitamin D?

Back 40

Rickets - in children.
Osteomalacia - in adults.

Front 41

What is the function of vitamin D?

Back 41

Hormone for Calcium and phosphorous homeostasis. (to be used for bone formation, nerve and muscle activity)

Front 42

What is the function if vitamin E?

Back 42

Vitamin E is an antioxidant. reduces LDL formation.

Front 43

Sources of vitamin E?

Back 43

Fats and oils. Salad dressings. Vitamin E can be destroyed by heat and light, unlike most fat soluble vitamins.

Front 44

Defiency and toxicity of vitamin E?

Back 44

Defiency is hemolytic anemia. Neurological disfunction. Risk of toxicity is very low.

Front 45

Function of vitamin K?

Back 45

Blood clotting. Formation of proteins which incorporate calcium into bones.

Front 46

Sources of vitamin k?

Back 46

Synthesized in the GI tract. Available in many foods; green leavy veg. Babies are given a dose due to "sterile" gut

Front 47

Give examples of phytochemicals and discuss their function.

Back 47

Cartenoids (beta carotene, lycopene) and flavanoids. Act as antioxidants to fight free radicals.

Front 48

Beta-carotene supplements?

Back 48

Linked with cancer. NOT recommended.

Front 49

Percent water composition of lean tissue, adipose tissue, and total body.

Back 49

Lean - 75% water
Adipose - 25% water
Total - 60%

Front 50

Electrolytes are important in...

Back 50

Maintaining water balance. Na+ , Cl- , and K+ and HPO4-2.

Front 51

What is the amount of mL of obligatory water loss?

Back 51

Obligatory water loss is 500 mL.

Front 52

Water intoxication?

Back 52

10 or more L of water over a short period.

Front 53

Hyper tension?

Back 53

HIGH blood pressure. Atherosclerosis (damage to arteries), Weakening of heart, affects 30% of adult pop. (and about half of those affected are salt sensitive). Obesity, insulin resistance. Treated by DASH diet.

Front 54

What is the dash diet?

Back 54

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. (to help maintain normal blood pressure). Fruits, veg, low fat dairy.Focuses on potassium, magnesium, and calcium. REDUCE SODIUM!!!

Front 55

Osteoblasts/osteoclasts

Back 55

Osteoblasts deposit bone on the inside curvature (make them stronger), whereas Osteoclasts remove bone from the outside curvature (make them weaker).. work together so as to be evenly distributed.

Front 56

What are the major minerals?

Back 56

Sodium, Sulfur, Chloride, Calcium, Phosphorous, Potassium, and Magnesium

Front 57

What are the trace minerals?

Back 57

MCMCFIZIS. Manganese, copper, molybdenum, chromium, flouride, iodine, zinc, iron, selenium.

Front 58

Three minerals which are undercomsumed and at high risk of defieiency?

Back 58

Calcium, magnesium, and iron.

Front 59

Heme iron?

Back 59

Embedded in heme structures as part of hemoglobin. From ONLY animal sources. (beef) and HIGH bioavailability.

Front 60

Non heme iron?

Back 60

Lower bioavailability. Found in both plant and animal sources. Absorption enhanced by Vitamin C and an MFP (meat, fish, poultry) peptide factor.

Front 61

Phytates

Back 61

Inhibit iron absorption

Front 62

What are the two basic types of nutrition guidlines?

Back 62

Food guildlines (like my pyramid) and nutrition standards/guidelines (Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DG),Dietary Reference Intake (DRI), and Daily Values (DV) found on food labels)

Front 63

Dietary Guidelines emphasize

Back 63

NUTRIENT! (unlike my pyramid)

Front 64

How are DRIs measured?

Back 64

EAR, estimated average requirement
RDA, recommended dietary allowance
AI, adequate intake
UL, upper limit

Front 65

How are gallstones formed?

Back 65

Excess cholesterol. (when bile becomes saturated with waste products and crystallize)

Front 66

Function of the LI?

Back 66

Salt absorption, good bacteria

Front 67

What are the three major hormones that regulate digestion?

Back 67

Gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin.

Front 68

Gastrin.

Back 68

Stimulated by arrival of food in the stomach. Gastrin stimulates the stomach to secrete more HCl, so Gastrin keeps the stomach acidic.

Front 69

Secretin

Back 69

Stimulates the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice.

Front 70

CCK

Back 70

Stimulates the release of bile and pancreatic juices in the small intestine. Stimulates gall bladder to release bile. CCK is released from the small intestine when fat is present. This chemical sends a strong signal of satiety and inhibits food intake.

Front 71

Examples of complex carbohydrates.

Back 71

Starch, glycogen, fiber. Polysacc

Front 72

Examples of simple carbohydrates

Back 72

Monosac (fructose, glucose, galactose), disac

Front 73

Which artificial sweetners have no calories and have no risk for tooth decay.

Back 73

Saccharin, Sucralose

Front 74

Which artificial sweetner has very few calories?

Back 74

Aspartame

Front 75

Which artificial sweetner is made from real sugar?

Back 75

Sucralose

Front 76

Rate of healthy weight loss

Back 76

.5 to 2 lbs per week

Front 77

Direct v Indirect calorimetry

Back 77

Direct calorimetry using a bomb calorimeter provides a direct measure of the heat released when a food is burned (its potential energy). Indirect calorimetry measures the amount of oxygen the body consumes to burn food. Direct = heat. Indirect = oxygen.

Front 78

Satiety v satiation

Back 78

satiation (signals to stop eating), and satiety (signals satisfaction, no desire to eat again)

Front 79

What is neuropeptide Y?

Back 79

Neuropeptide Y is a chemical that is produced in the brain and has been shown to cause carbohydrate craving.

Front 80

Variables in formula for calculating total energy expenditure? 5

Back 80

Variables included in these equations include gender, growth, age, physical activity and body composition.

Front 81

BMI?

Back 81

(weight (kg)/height (m)2) is a tool frequently used to evaluate weight for height. A healthy BMI is between 18.5 and 24.9. Underweight is defined as a BMI below 18.5. Overweight is defined as a BMI of 25 – 29.9, obese > 30

Front 82

Healthy body fat percentages?

Back 82

A healthy percentage of body fat is 20-30% for women, and 12-20% for men.

Front 83

Obesity rates in US?

Back 83

Approximately 33% of adults are obese and another 30% are overweight. Thus, over 60% of all U.S. adults are either overweight or obese.