Principles Of Disease And Epidemiology

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scientific study of disease.

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Pathology

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Cause of disease

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Etiology

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Studies how disease develops.

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Pathogenesis

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Invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic organisms.

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Infection

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Occurs when an infection results in a change from a state of health

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Disease

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_______ colonize newborn’s intestine.

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Vaginal lactobacilli

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Ways in which many more microbes are introduced

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Feeding and breathing

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________ and other bacteria colonize large intestine

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E. coli

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_______ colonizes mucous membranes

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Candida albicans

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Microorganisms that remain throughout an individual’s life

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Normal Microbiota or Flora:

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Microorganisms that are present for a certain time period and then disappear.

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Transient Microbiota

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Cells in human body

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1 x 10^13

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Microbes associated with human body

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1 x 10^14

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Normal flora inhibits overgrowth of harmful microbes.

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Microbial Antagonism

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Vaginal flora maintains pH of ______ which inhibits overgrowth of ______

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3.5-4.5, Candida albicans

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In mouth, _____ produce compounds that inhibit growth of many other cocci.

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streptococci

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In intestine, E. coli produce ______, which inhibit growth of closely related bacteria

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bacteriocins

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C. difficile is inhibited by ____

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normal intestinal flora

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“Living together”

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Symbiosis

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Relationship between the host and its normal flora

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Symbiosis

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One organism benefits, the other is not affected (+/0)

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Commensalism

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Many microbes live off secretions and dead cells and do not benefit or harm host.

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Commensalism

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Both organisms benefit from living together (+/+).

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Mutualism

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 E. coli synthesizes vitamin K and some B vitamins

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Mutualism

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One organism benefits, the other is harmed (+/-).

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Parasitism

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Most disease causing bacteria

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Parasitism

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Organisms that normally do not cause disease in their natural habitat in a healthy person

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Opportunistic Pathogens

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The effect of two microbes acting together, is greater than the effect of either acting alone

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Synergism

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Women with HIV infections develop very aggressive cervical cancers which are caused by ____

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papillomavirus

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Individuals with HIV and Human Herpes Virus 8 infections, are more likely to develop _____

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Kaposi’s sarcoma

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Koch's Postulate was developed in 1877 to establish cause of infectious disease which are ___

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Anthrax and tb

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Koch's postulate

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...

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Exceptions to Koch's postulate

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...

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Subjective feelings not obvious to an observer.

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Symptoms

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Objective changes that can be measured

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Signs

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A group of signs and symptoms that are associated with a disease

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Syndrome

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Spread from one host to another, directly or indirectly

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Communicable Disease

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Examples of Communicable Disease

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Tuberculosis, herpes, flu, AIDS, chickenpox, mumps, polio, and hepatitis

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Spread easily from one person to another

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Contagious disease

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Contagious disease (examples)

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Chickenpox and measles

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Not spread from one host to another. Caused by microbes that live outside the body or by opportunistic pathogens that live inside the body

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Noncommunicable Disease

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Noncommunicable disease (examples)

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Tetanus, botulism, and yeast infections.

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Percentage of population that contracts a disease in a given time period

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Disease Incidence

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Percentage of population that has the disease during given time period

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Disease Prevalence

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Occurs only occasionally.

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 Sporadic Disease

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Sporadic Disease (example)

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Polio in US

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Constantly present in the population.

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Endemic Disease

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Endemic Disease (example)

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Common cold or ear infections

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Many people acquire disease in short time period

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Epidemic Disease

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Epidemic Disease (example)

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Influenza, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and AIDS

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Worldwide epidemics

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Pandemic Disease

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Pandemic Disease (examples)

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Influenza and AIDS

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Develops rapidly, but lasts a short time.

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Acute Disease

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Acute Disease (examples)

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Flu and common cold

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Develops more slowly, and reactions are less severe. Tend to recur for long periods or to be continual.

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Chronic Disease

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Chronic Disease (examples)

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Tuberculosis, hepatitis B, and infectious mononucleosis

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Intermediate between acute and chronic.

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Subacute Disease

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Subacute Disease (examples)

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Subacute bacterial endocarditis (streptococci)

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Causative agent remains inactive for a time, but then becomes active and produces disease symptoms

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Latent Disease

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Latent Disease

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Shingles, genital and oral herpes, AIDS

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Microbes are limited to small area of body

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Local Infection

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Local Infection (examples)

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Boils, abscesses, and acne

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Microbes are spread throughout body by blood or lymph

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Systemic (Generalized) Infection

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Systemic (Generalized) Infection (examples)

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Measles and AIDS

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Presence of bacteria in the blood

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Bacteremia

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Bacteria multiply in blood.

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Septicemia

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Presence of toxins in blood.

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Toxemia

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Presence of viruses in blood.

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Viremia

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Starts as a local infection and spread to other parts of body.

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Focal Infection

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Acute infection that causes initial illness

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Primary Infection

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Primary Infection (examples)

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Common cold

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Caused by opportunistic pathogen after primary infection has weakened host immune system

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Secondary Infection

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Secondary Infection (examples)

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Pneumonia or bronchitis may develop after the common cold

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Does not cause any noticeable illness in host.

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Subclinical Infection