Environmental And Occupational Health

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study and management of environmental conditions that affects the health and well-being of humans.

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Environmental Health

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factors or conditions in the environment that increase the risk of human injury, disease, or death.

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Environmental Hazard

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Contamination of the air that interferes with the comfort, safety

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Air Pollution

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Contamination of the air by substances- gases, liquids or solids in amounts great enough to harm humans the environment or the alter climate

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Air Pollution

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Pollutants are generally divided further into_____and______

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Primary Pollutant and Secondary Pollutant

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air pollutant emanating directly from transportation, power and industrial plants and refineries.

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Primary Pollutant

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Example of primary pollutant

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carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and suspended particulates

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air pollutant formed when primary air pollutants react with sunlight and other atmospheric components to form new harmful compounds

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Secondary Pollutant

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Example of secondary pollutant

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nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid, nitrate salts, sulfur trioxide, sulfate salts, sulfuric acid, peroxyacyl nitrates and ozone.

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Haze or fog formed when air pollutants interact with sunlight

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Photochemical Smog (Brown Smog)

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Haze or fog formed primarily by sulfur dioxide and suspended particles from the burning of coal, also known as gray smog.

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Industrial Smog (Gray Smog)

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Health problems when air pollution reaches harmful levels:

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ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS

Ex: burning eyes, shortness of breath and increased incidences of colds, coughs, nose irritation and other respiratory illness

CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS

Ex: chronic bronchitis, emphysema and increased incidence of bronchial asthm attacks, and increased risk of lung cancer.

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Inorganic molecule considered to be pollutant in the atmosphere because it harms human tissues but considered beneficial in the stratosphere because it screens out UV radiation.

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Ozone (O3)

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Represent the single most dangerous air pollutant

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Ozone (O3)

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Excessive levels of ground-level ozone is a phenomenon referred to as a___________ a condition that occurs when warm air traps cooler air at the surface of the earth.

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Thermal inversion

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Act providing for comprehensive air pollution control policy and for other purposes

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RA 8749: PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999

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Overall leading agency is the department of environment and natural resources (DENR) together with other government agencies such as DOTC, DOST, DTI, DOE, PAGASA, PNRI, DEPED AND CHED

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RA 8749: PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999

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Meaning

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AIR QUALTIY INDEX LEVELS OF HEALTH CONCERN / NUMERICAL VALUE

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Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk.

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Good (green) / 0-50

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Air quality is acceptable; however for some pollutants there ay be a moderate health concern for a every small number of people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution.

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Moderate (Yellow) / 51-100

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Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects; the public is not likely to be affected

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Unhealthy for sensitive groups (orange) / 101-150

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Everyone may begin to experience health effects; members of sensitive groups may be experience more serious health effects

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Unhealthy (Red) / 151-200

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Health alert, everyone may experience more serious health effects

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Very Unhealthy (purple) / 201- 300

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Health alert, Everyone may experience more serious health effects.

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Very unhealthy (purple) / 201-300

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Health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected.

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Hazardous (Maroon) / >300

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Building and insulation materials, biogenic pollutants, combustion by-products, home furnishings and cleaning agents, radon gas and tobacco smoke

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Sources of Indoor Pollutants

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Naturally occurring mineral fiber identified as a class A carcinogen by the EPA. It is harmless if intact and left alone, but when disturbed, inhaled airborne, fibers can cause serious health problems.

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Asbestos

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Airborne materials of biological origin such as living and nonliving fungi and their toxins, bacteria, viruses, molds, pollens, insect’s parts, and animal dander. These contaminants can trigger allergic reaction, including asthma, cause infection illnesses, such as influenza and measles or release disease – producing toxins.

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Biogenic Pollutants

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Only _________ of the Earth's water is available for use

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0.003%

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Any physical or chemical change in water that can harm living organisms or make the water unfit for other uses as drinking, domestic use, recreation, fishing, industry, agriculture, or transportation

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Water Pollution

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Refer to a single identifiable source that discharges pollutants into the water, such as a pipe, ditch, or culvert. relatively easy to identify control and treat.

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Point Source Pollution

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All pollution that occurs through the runoff, seepage, or failing of pollutants into the water where the source is difficult or impossible to identify.

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Non-point Sources Pollution

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Living organisms or their products that make water unsafe for human consumption

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Biological Pollutants

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Example of biological pollutants

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virus, bacteria, parasites and other undesirable living microorganisms.

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Example of non biological pollutants

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heat, inorganic, chemicals such as lead, copper, and arsenic, organic chemicals, and radioactive contaminants.

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A disease in which at least two persons experience a similar illness after the ingestion of drinking water or after exposure to water used to recreational purposes and epidemiological evidence implicates water as the probable source of the illness.

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WATERBORNE DISEASE OUTBREAK (WBDO)

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Aims to protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from land-based source (industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household activities)

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RA 9275 – THE PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004

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Provides for comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through a multi-sectural and participatory approach involving all the stakeholders

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RA 9275 – THE PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004

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DENR in coordination with NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES BOARD (NWRB)

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RA 9275 – THE PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004

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as the occurrence of two or more cases of a similar illness resulting from the ingestion of a common food.

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Foodborne Disease Outbreak

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Any microorganism – a multi-celled animal or plant, or a microbe- that has an adverse effect on human interests

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Pest

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Synthetic chemical developed and manufactured for the purpose of killing pest

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Pesticide

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Organism (or pest) for which a pesticide is applied

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Target Organism (Target pest)

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Other susceptible organisms in the environment, for which a pesticide was not intended.

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Nontarget Organisms

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Two most widely used types of_________and_________(pesticides that kill plants) and insecticides (pesticides that kill insects)

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Herbicides and Pesticides

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An act to strengthen the food safety regulation system in the country to protect consumer health and facilitative market access of local foods and food products and for other purposes.

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RA 10611: FOOD SAFETY ACT OF 2013

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garbage, refuse, sludge and other discarded solid materials most solid waste, 95% to 98% can be traced to agriculture, mining and gas and oil production and industry

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Solid Waste

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solid waste or combination of solid waste that is dangerous to human health or the environment that requires special management and disposal

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Hazardous Waste

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Living organism usually an insect or other arthropod that can transmit a communicable disease agent to a susceptible host (e.g, a mosquito or tick)

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Vector

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Occurrence of an unexpectedly large number of cases of disease caused by an agent transmitted by insects or other arthropods

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VECTORBORNE DISEASE OUTBREAK (VBDO)

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Naturally occurring phenomenon or event that produces or releases energy in amounts that exceed human endurance, causing injury, disease, or death (such as radiation, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, tornados, and floods)

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Natural Hazards

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Natural hazard that results in substantial loss of life or property.

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Natural Disaster

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Process in which energy is emitted as particles or waves

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Radiation

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High-energy radiation that can knock an electron out of orbit, creating an ion, and can thereby damage living cells and tissues (UV Radiation, gamma rays, X-rays, Alpha, and beta particles)

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Ionizing Radiation

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Radiant energy with wavelengths of 0 to 400 nanometers.

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Ultraviolet Radiation

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radiation from outer space

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Extraterrestrial

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radioactive minerald emanating from the earth

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Terrestrial

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Warning Signs for Melanona (ABCD rule)

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A is for Asymmetry

B is for Border irregularity

C is for Color pigmentation

D is for Diameter greater than 6 millimeters

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Refer to aspects of the work environment that have the potential to cause harm to an individual mental health or well-being.

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Psychological Hazard

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Refer to dangers that arise from social structures

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Sociological Hazard

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The rate at which new individuals are added to the population per capita and a complex phenomenon influenced by various factors.

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Population Growth

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The maximum impact that can be supported by available resources (air, water, shelter, etc.)

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Carrying Capacity

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Are crimes that “when offenders choose a victim because of some characteristic race, ethnicity, or religion and provide evidence that the hate them to commit the crime.”

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Hate crimes

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Is a sociological hazard because it affects entire societies, but it is also a psychological hazard because it produces fear, stress, and endangers mental health.

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Terrorism

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Whether to a terrorist attack, human-made crisis, or a natural disaster, a community must be prepared to respond to minimize the loss of lives, help the injured, and perhaps prevent further disruption.

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Preparedness and response

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Two agencies that prepare for and respond to natural disasters:

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Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

American Red Cross

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Has the mission to “support our citizens and first responders to ensure that as a nation we work together to build, sustain,and improve our capability to prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all hazards”

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Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

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-A nonprofit, humanitarian organization led by volunteers and guided by its Congressional that provides relief to victims of disasters

-It was founded in 1881 by Clara Barton and is headquartered in Washington, D.C.

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American Red Cross also known as American National Red Cross

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Primary Waste Water Treatment

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1. Occurs in a sedimentation tank(clarifier)

2. Wastewater remains in a quiescent condition forabout 2 to 4 hours.

3. Forms layers of Sludge and Scum

4. Sludge and scum are removed, and the clarifiedwastewater enters the secondary stage of treatment.

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Secondary Waste Water Treatment

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1. Aerobic bacteria are added and mixed withclarified wastewater

2. Break down the organic waste

3. The mixture then flows to aeration tanks

4. Oxygen is continuously added to supportaerobic decomposition of organic waste intocarbon dioxide, water, and minerals.

5. Process is completed (after about 6 to 10 hours)

6. Treatment plants disinfect and discharge thetreated wastewater to surface water bodies whileother wastewater plants perform tertiarytreatment.

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Tertiary Waste Water Treatment

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1. Involves filtration through sand and carbonfilters. During this process, many remainingdissolved pollutants are removed.

2. They then disinfect with chlorine

3. After chlorination is completed, the next processis dechlorination.

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A watertight concrete or fiberglass tank, is buried in the ground some distance from the house and is connected to it by a pipe

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Septic Tank

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-Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 and 1977

-Goal is to return the quality of surface waters toswimmable and fishable status.

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Clean Water Act (CWA)

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the federal law that sets forth guidelines for the proper handling and disposal of hazardous and nonhazardous wastes.

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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA)

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liquids created when water mixes with wastes and removes soluble constituents from them by percolation

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Leachates

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the burning of solid wastes

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Combusition (incineration)

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the federal law (known as the Superfund) created to clean up abandoned hazardous waste sites

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Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)

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property where reuse is complicated by the presence of hazardous substances from prior use

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Brownfields