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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is psychopharmacology?
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The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and on behavior.
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What are drug effects?
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The changes a drug produces in an organism's physiological processes and behavior.
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What are sites of action?
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The locations at which molecules of drugs interact with molecules located on or in cells of the body, thus affecting some biochemical processes of these cells.
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What is pharmacokinetics?
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The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
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What is an intravenous (IV) injection?
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Injection of a substance directly into a vein.
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What is an intraperitoneal (IP) injection?
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Injection of a substance into the peritoneal cavity - the space that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver, and other abdominal organs.
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What is an intramuscular (IM) injection?
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Injection of a substance into a muscle.
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What is a subcutaneous (SC) injection?
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Injection of a substance into the space beneath the skin.
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What is oral administration?
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Administration of a substance into the mouth, so that it is swallowed.
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What is sublingual administration?
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Administration of a substance by placing it beneath the tongue.
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What is intrarectral adminstration?
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Adminstration of a substance into the rectum?
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What is inhalation?
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Administration of a vaporous substance into the lungs.
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What is topical administration?
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Administration of a substance direction onto the skin or mucous membrane.
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What is intracerebral administration?
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Administration of a substance directly into the brain.
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What is intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration?
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Administration of a substance into one of the cerebral ventricles.
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What is depot binding?
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Binding of a drug with various tissues of the body or with proteins in the blood.
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What is albumin?
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A protein found in the blood; serves to transport free fatty acids and can bind with some lipid-solube drugs.
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What is the dose-response curve?
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A graph of the magnitude of an effect of a drug as a function of the amount of drug administered.
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What is the therapeutic index?
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The ratio between the dose that produces the desired effect in 50% of the animals and the dose that produces toxic effects in 50% of the animals.
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What is affinity?
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The readiness with which two molecules join together.
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What is tolerance?
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A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly.
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What is sensitization?
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An increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly.
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What is a withdrawal symptom?
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The appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by a drug when the drug is administered repeatedly and then suddenly no longer taken.
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What is a placebo?
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An inert substance given to an organism in lieu of a physiologically active drug; used experimentally to control for the effects of mere administration of a drug.
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What is an antagonist?
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A drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell.
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What is an agonist?
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A drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell.
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What is a direct agnoist?
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A drug that binds with and activates a receptor.
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What is a receptor blocker?
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A drug that binds with a receptor but does not activate it; prevents the natural ligand from binding with the receptor.
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What is a direct antagonist?
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A synonym for a receptor blocker.
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What is noncompetitive binding?
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Binding of a drug to a site on a receptor; does not interfere with the binding site for the principal lingand.
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What is an inverse agonist?
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A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and interferes with the action of the receptor; does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand.
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What is an indirect agonist?
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A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and facilitates the action of the receptor; does not interfere with the binding site for the principal lingand.
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What is a presynaptic heteroreceptor?
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A receptor located in the membrane of a terminal button that receives input from another terminal button by means of an axoaxonic synapse; binds with the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic terminal button.
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What is acetyl-CoA?
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A cofactor that supplies acetate for the synthesis of acetylcholine.
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What is choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)?
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The enzyme that transfers the acetate ion from acetyl coenzyme A to choline, producing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
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What is botulinum toxin?
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An acetylcholine antagonist: prevents release by terminal buttons.
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What is black widow spider venom?
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A poison produced by the black widow spider that triggers the release of acetylcholine.
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What is neostigmine?
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A drug that inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase.
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What is hemicholinium?
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A drug that inhibits the reuptake of choline.
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What is a nicotinic receptor?
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An ionotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by nicotine and blocked by curare.
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What is a muscarinic receptor?
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A metabotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine.
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What is atropine?
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A drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
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What is curare?
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A drug that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
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What is monoamine?
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A class of amines that includes indolamines such as serotonin and catecholamines such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
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What is catecholamine?
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A class of amines that includes the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
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What is dopamine?
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A neurotransmitter; one of the catecholamines.
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What is L-DOPA?
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The levorotatory form of DOPA; the precursor of the catecholamines; often used to treat Parkinson's disease because of its effect as a dopamine agonist.
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What is the nigrostriatal system?
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A system of neurons originating in the substantia nigra and terminating in the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen).
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What is the mesolimbic system?
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A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus.
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What is the mesocortical system?
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A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the prefrontal cortex.
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What is Parkinson's disease?
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A neurological disease characterized by tremors, rigidty of the limbs, poor balance, and difficulty in initiating movements; cuased by degeneration of the nigrostriatal system.
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What is AMPT?
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A drug that blocks the acitivity of tyrosine hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of the catecholamines.
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What is reserpine?
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A drug that interferes with the storage of monoamines in synaptic vesicles.
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What is apomorphine?
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A drug that blocks dopamine autoreceptors at low doses; at higher doses blocks postsynaptic receptors as well.
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What is methylphenidate?
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A drug that inhibits the reuptake of dopamine.
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What is monoamine oxidase (MAO)?
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A class of enzymes that destroys the monoamines; dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
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What is deprenyl?
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A drug that blocks the activity of MAO-B; acts as a dopamine agonist.
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What is chlorpromazine?
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A drug that reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine D2 receptors.
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What is clozapine?
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A drug that reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia, apparently by blocking dopamine D4 receptors.
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What is norepinephrine (NE)?
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One of the catecholamines; a neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
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What is epinephrine?
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One of the catecholamines; a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; serves also as a neurotransmitter in the brain.
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What is fusaric acid?
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A drug t hat inhibits the activity of the enzyme dopamine-Beta-hydroxylase and thus blocks the production of norepinephrine.
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What is moclobemide?
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A drug that blocks the activity of MAO-A; acts as a noradrenergic agonist.
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What is the locus coeruleus?
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A dark-colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle.
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What are axonal varicosities?
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Enlarged regions along the length of an axon that contain synaptic vesicles and release a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator.
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What is serotonin (5-HT)?
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An indolamine transmitter substance; also called 5-hydroxytryptamine.
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What is PCPA?
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A drug that inhibits the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of 5-HT.
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What is the D system?
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A system of serotonergic neurons that originates in the dorsal raphe nucleus; its axonal fibers are thin, with spindle-shaped varicosities that do not appear to form synapses with other neurons.
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What is the M system?
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A system of serotonergic neurons that originates in the median raphe nucleus; its axonal fibers are thick and rounded and appear to form conventional synapses with other neurons.
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What is fluoxetine?
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A drug that inhibits the reuptake of 5-HT.
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What is fenfluramine?
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A drug that stimulates the release of 5-HT.
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What is LSD?
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A drug that stimulates 5-HT2A receptors.
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What is glutamate?
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An amino acid; the most important excitatory transmitter substance in the brain.
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What is a NMDA receptor?
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A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions; has several other binding sites.
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What is a AMPA receptor?
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An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by AMPA and blocked by CNQX.
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What is a kainate receptor?
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An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by kainic acid and blocked by CNQX.
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What is a metabotropic receptor?
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A metaobotropic gultamate receptor.
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What is PCP?
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Phencyclidine; a drug that binds with the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor and serves as an inverse agonist.
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What is GABA?
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An amino acid; the most important inhibitory transmitter substance in the brain.
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What is allylglycine?
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A drug that inhibits the activity of GAD and thus blocks the synthesis of GABA.
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What is muscimol?
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A direct agnonist for the GABA binding site on the GABAa receptor.
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What is bicuculline?
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A direct antagonist for the GABA binding site on the GABAa receptor.
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What is benzodiazepine?
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A category of anxiolytic drugs; an indirect agonist for the GABAa receptor.
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What does anxiolytic mean?
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An anxiety-reducing effect.
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What is beta-CCM?
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A direct agonist for the benzodiazepine binding site of the GABAa receptor.
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What is glycine?
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An amino acid; an important inhibitory transmitter substance in the lower brain stem and spinal cord.
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What is strychnine?
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A direct agonist for the glycine receptor.
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What is an endogenous opioid?
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A class of peptides secreted by the brain that act as opiates.
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What is enkephalin?
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One of the endogenous opiodis.
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What is naloxone?
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A drug that block opioid receptors.
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What is anandamide?
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A lipid; the endogenous ligand for receptors that bind with THC, the active ingredient of marijuana.
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What is adenosine?
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A nucleoside; a combination of ribose and adenine; serves as a neuromodulator in the brain.
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What is caffeine?
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A drug that blocks adenosine receptors.
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What is nitric oxide (NO)?
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A gas produced by cells in the nervous system; used as a means of communication between cells.
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What is nitric oxide synthase?
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The enzyme responsible for the production of nitric oxide.
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