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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Amoeba proteus |
-non pathogen -free living saphrophyte
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Radiolaria and Foraminifera |
-non pathogen -free living saprophyte -exoskeleton: Radiolaria (silicon dioxide) and foraminifera (calicum carbonate) -ie/ seashell |
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Entamoeba gingivalis |
-non pathogen -commensal in mouth |
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Entamoeba coli |
-non pathogen -mutualist in colon of human |
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Entamoeba histolytica |
-pathogen -amoebic dysentery/ amoebiasis -food and water born and ingestion of cyst -food vacuoles containing red blood cells= pathogenic *Death by trophozoite: eat off tissues of organs Death by bacteria: peritonitis |
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Iodamoeba butschili |
-pathogen -dysentery -GASTROENTERITIS -oral fecal route -ingestion of cysts |
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Endolimax nana |
-pathogen -dysentery -GASTROENTERITIS -oral fecal route -ingestion of cysts
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Naegieria fowleri |
-pathogen -MENINGOENNCEPHALITIS -swimming (nasal mucosa to meninges and brain) -ONLY DIMORPHIC PROTOZOAN |
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Phylum: Ciliophora |
-locomotion: cilia -structure: oval or pear shaped -most structurally advanced phylum, extremely complex cells -asexual rep: fission, macronucleus (mitosis) sexual rep: conjugation, micronucleaus (mitosis and meiosis -example: Paramecium caudatum (non pathogen) |
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Balantidium coli |
-Phylum: Ciliophora -pathogen (0.1 mm) -only ciliate that is pathogenic to humans -largest protozoan that is a pathogen -colon of humans and swine -gastroenteritis/dysentery -oral fecal route -ID cysts in feces Treatment: metronidazole or flagyl |
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Phylum: Mastigophora |
-locomotion: flagella -structure: pear shaped or spindle shaped -asexual rep: fission -sexual rep: gametes |
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Euglena species |
-Phylum: Mastigophora -non pathogen -nutrition: chemoorganotroph and phototroph -eye spot: senses light for photosynthesis |
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Giardia lamblia |
-Phylum: Mastigophora -pathogen -disease: Giardiasis -diarrhea, cramps, nausea, gas, weakness -pathology: erosion of small intestine epithelium -oral fecal route -wild animals, domestic horses, mules -diagnosis: cysts in feces -treatment: metronidazole or flagyl |
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Trichomonas vaginalis |
-Phylum: Mastigophora -pathogen/ STD -disease: STD/ trichomoniasis -undulating membrane and flagella -no cyst, only trophozoite form -transmission: sexual contact -female: vaginitis/ male: asymptomatic -dagnosis |
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Trypanosoma gambiense (west) and Trypanosoma rhodesiense (east) |
-Phylum: Mastigophora -disease: african sleeping sickness -Genus causes the most serious flagellate disease -undulating membrane and flagella -transmission: bite of TSETSE fly -sexual phase: definitive host- humans -asexual phase: intermediate host- tsetse fly -treatment: eflornithine |
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Trypanosoma cruzi |
-Phylum: Mastigophora -disease: CHAGA'S disease -undulating membrane and flagella -animal reservoirs: rodents, opossums and armadillos -transmission: REDUVIID/ BED BUG/ KISSING BUG -symptoms: fatal myocarditis and encephalitis -treatment: none |
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Phylum: Sporozoa |
locomotion: nonmotile all species are pathogens obligate intracellular parasites complex life cycle |
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Plasmodium Species:
Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium falciparum (most dangerous) |
-Phylum: Sporozoa -disease: malaria -vector: anopheles mosquito female -asexual phase: intermediate host- humans -sexual phase: definitive host- gut of anopheles female mosquito |
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Malaria |
complications: hemolytic anemia- enlarged organs such as spleen, liver, kidney from cellular debris, pulmonary failure, stroke.
diagnosis: a. ring trophozoite b. schizont c. segmenter stage d. microgametocyte and macrogametocyte
treatment: mefloquine, pyrimethamine, sulfadoxine |
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Toxoplasma gondii |
-Phylum: Sporozoa -disease: toxoplamosis -asexual phase: intermediate host- humans -sexual phase: definitive host- cats -transmission: ingestion of oocysts in cat feces and eating uncooked meat -congenital infection: trophozoites cross placenta and can cause severe brain damage, deafness |
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Cryptosporidium parvum |
-Phylum: Sporozoa -disease: CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS -transmission: water contaminated with oocysts from animal live stock wastes -symptoms: gastroenteritis- diarrhea, cramps, vomiting -treatment: lack of effective drugs |
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Mycoses |
definition: Fungus infections
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classification of mycoses |
primary: site of infection secondary: mode of entry into body |
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Cutaneous mycoses |
-dermatomycoses -infection of epidermis, hair, nails -dermatophytes: fungi that cause cutaneous myc -mucocutanous mycoses: infection of mucous membrane -method of transmission: direct contact with infected person, animal |
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Subcutaneous mycoses |
-below dermis and epidermis -infection of subcutaneous tissue -forms ulcers, nodules, cysts -transmission: trauma, puncture wound (rose bush)
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systemic mycoses |
-deep -spreads to vital organs -fatal -transmission: inhalation of spores and hyphae |
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Cutaneous mycoses |
-keratin: protein in skin, hair, nails -keratinase: enzyme *Microsporum audouini *Trichophyton mentagrophytes *Epidermophyton floccosum |
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Types of Cutaneous Mycoses |
Dermatophytes: Tinea Capitis (ringworm of the scalp) Tinea Corporis (ringworm of the body) Tinea Pedis (ringworm of the feet) |
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transmission of cutaneous mycoses |
direct: animal or person indirect: sandbox, shower, clippers, combs |
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treatment of cutaneous mycoses |
topical: miconazole (skin and nails) oral: griseofulvin (for hair cause it has blood vessels) |
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Diagnosis of Tinea infections |
KOH wet mount: skin scrapings Woods UV lamp: dermatophytes, hair infections Dermatotrophic test media: pigment production |
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Candida albicans |
-cutaneous, mucocutaneous, systematic -false yeast: no sexual spores -normal flora -opportunistic pathogens Thrush= oral infections, lowered immune system Vaginitis= antibiotics, lowered immune system -lactobacillus ---> lactic acid Bartenders finger= cutting lemons, low acidity and lots of sugar Systemic Involvement= immunosuppresed host, extensive antibiotics, surgery, diabetes |
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treatment of candida albicans |
nystatin, miconazole, oral ketoconazole |
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Subcutaneous mycoses characteristics |
fungal infection: beneath the skin symptons: ulcers, nodules, cysts more serious than cutaneous, but not fatal caused by: SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI IN SOIL transmission: fungal spores or hyphae entering skin through puncture wound, rose bush trauma |
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Sporothrix schenckii |
subcutaneous mycoses -disease: sporotrichosis "rose gardeners diesase" -symptoms: cysts -transmission: puncture wound, rose bush -dimorphic: looks like yeast in body -region: warm temp, moist -treatment: amphotericin B |
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Allescheria boydii |
subcutaneous mycoses -disease: mycetoma, fungal tumor -symptoms: localized abscess in sub tissue -transmission: puncture wound -dimorphic: looks like yeast in body -region: equatorial -treatment: amphotericin B |
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Philalophora verruscosa |
subcutaneous mycoses -disease: chromoblastomycosis -symptoms: dark pigmented lesions, nodules -transmission: puncture wound -dimorphic -region: latin america -treatment: amphotericin B |
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Systemic mycoses characteristics |
-fungal infection of deep tissues and vital organs -spreads through blood -fatal -saprophytic fungi -dimorphic -transmission: inhalation of spores, hyphae to lung infection to blood and tissues to vital organs |
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coccidioides immitis |
systemic mycoses -disease: COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS/ VALLEY FEVER -transmission: inhalation of ARTHROSPORES or hyphae to lungs -symptoms: cold to pneumonia -depends on lowered immune system and proper # of dosage -dimorphic -treatment: amphotericin B or ketoconazole |
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HIstoplasma capsulatum |
systemic mycoses -disease: HISTOPLAMOSIS/ mississippi valley fever, ohio valley fever -transmission: inhalation of TUBERCULE CHLAMYDOSPORES to lungs and the SPIKES adhere to vital organs -symptoms: pulmonary infection -dimorphic -treatment: amphotericin B |
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Blastomyces dermatitidis |
systemic mycoses -disease: BLASTOMYCOSIS, north american blastomycosis -transmission: inhalation of non tubercule chlamydospores to lungs and vital organs -no spikes -symptoms: pulmonary infection -dimorphic -treatment: amphotericin B, itraconazole |
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Cryptococcus neoformas |
systemic mycoses -disease: CRYPTOCOCCOSIS, fatal meningitis, encephalitis -transmission: inhalation of yeast, lungs, bloodstreams, meninges and brain -opportunistic pathogen: found in soil enriched with pigeon droppings -immunosuppressed patients, HIV positive -NOT DIMORPHIC: yeast only. thick capsule -treatment: amphotericin B |
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Rhizopus |
disease: mucormycosis (pulmonary infection) immunosuppressed host, large number of spores treatment: ampohotericin B |
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Aspergillus flavis |
AFLATOXIN: toxic, causes death, RNA, DNA, protein inhibitor -grows on grains and animal feed -Antitoxin: preformed antibodies |
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Aspergillus fumigatus |
disease: pulmonary infection that disseminates to brain and vital organs -immunosuppressed, large number of spores -treatment: amphotericin B |
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Viruses |
-kingdom: NONE -obligate intracellular parasites: requires host cell to reproduce inside of -noncellular: *lacks cell membrane *lacks cytoplasm *lacks enzymes *lacks ATP *DNA/RNA never both *cannot reproduce on own |
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classification of Viruses |
type of nucleic acids 1. DNA, double or single stranded 2. RNA, double or single stranded |
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Size of viruses |
nanometers 1x10^-9 m |
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Colony of Virus |
PLAQUE |
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shapes of viruses |
Helical/ filamentous: ie ebola, plant virus Polyhedral/ Icosahedral: ie herpes Cuboidal: ie small pox Round: ie measles virus Comples: ie phage |
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Virus structure |
1. nucleic acid: DNA or RNA, single or double stranded 2. Capsid: Protein, subunits (capsomeres) 3. envelope: -optional -originates from host cell's cell membrane -phospholipid bilater -hides from immune sytem 4. Spikes: -optional -adherence 5. bacteriophage
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living or dead? |
dead: *lacks cell membrane *lacks cytoplasm *lacks enzymes *lacks ATP *DNA/RNA never both *cannot reproduce on own
living: *nucleic acid, only one not the other *reproduction *same organic molecules as living cells |
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Effects of environment on viruses |
1. heat: denatures proteins and nucleic acids 2. cold: no effect 3. pH: extreme is denaturation 4. desiccation/ drying: no effect 5. disinfection/ antiseptics: no effect exception: oxidizing agent (H2O2, bleach) 6. antibiotics: no effect 7. UV light: no effect unless surface inf. |
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Neurotrophic viruses -nervous system |
-polio virus -rabies -herpes simples I (cold sores)
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dermatotrophic viruses -skin |
-herpes simplex I -measles -chicken pox -shingles
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vicerotrophic virus -vicera |
-hepatitis virus
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pneumotrophic virus -respiratory |
-cold virus -influenza |
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provirus |
-normal cell to a tumor cell 1. provirus (DNA from reverse transcription), has new viral oncogenes 2. provirus activates protooncogenes which are needed for cell division to become oncogenes which is uncontrolled mitosis |
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characteristics of tumor cells: A. loss of contact inhibition |
cells divide and touch nearby cells and stop dividing |
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characteristics of tumor cells B. Tumor Antigen Proteins |
self antigens (foreign to body), major histocompatibility antigens -cytotoxic T lymphocytes come in and secrete digestive enzymes to kill tumor cell |
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prions |
-naked free protein -proteinaceous infectious particle -stanely prusiner discovered SCRAPIE (neurological disease of sheep) -resistant to boiling, disinfectants and UV light |
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How prions act ac infectious agents |
abnormal prion protein comes in contact with normal prion protein and alters, changing it to an abnormal protein
-no replication but CONVERSION |
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Spongiform Encephalopathy |
large vacuoles develop in brain
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Lytic Cycle (burst cycle) |
-Lysis and death of host cell -release of mature phages (virions) -five phases -burst time: constant ie E coli B- T4 phage 60 min -burst size: constant ie 200 phages |
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Lysogenic Cycle (non burst cycle) |
-host cell survives -two phases: attachment, absorption, penetration -prophage: remains dormant inserted into host chromosome -lysogenic cell: host that has a prophage within its chromosome
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lysogenic conversion |
host cell acquires new characteristics (new phenotypes) due to a prophage (new genes/genotype) |
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Clostridium botulinum |
neurotoxin |
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Streptococcus pyogenes |
erythrogenic toxin |
