Physiology Exam 3: Endocrine

Front 1

What is the second most important control system that regulates the body's functions?

Back 1

Endocrine System

Front 2

What are the main regulatory effects of the endocrine system?

Back 2

Rate of chemical reactions
Transport of substances through the membrane
Cellular growth and secretion

Front 3

Which two glands secrete their hormones entirely in response to Neural stimuli?

Back 3

Adrenal Medulla
Pituitary Gland

Front 4

What are the (3) local hormones listed?

Back 4

Acetylcholine (Ach)
Secretin
Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Front 5

Identify the hormone: Released in the small intestine and transported to the gallbladder to cause it's contraction, and to the pancreas in order for it to secrete digestive enzymes.

Back 5

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Front 6

Identify the hormone: Released by the duodenal wall and transported in the blood to the pancreas.

Back 6

Secretin

Front 7

Give two examples of general hormones

Back 7

Thyroid hormone
Growth hormone

Front 8

True or False: General hormones encompass all the hormones that affect almost all cells of the body and also those affecting only specific tissues called "target tissues".

Back 8

True

Front 9

What gland is defined as nervous tissue and an extension of the CNS, maintaining constant communication through neuronal axons?

Back 9

Neurohypophysis
(Posterior Pituitary)

Front 10

What produces the releasing hormones ?

Back 10

Hypothalamus

Front 11

What organ does ACTH stimulate, and what is produced?

Back 11

ACTH stimulates the Adrenal cortex to produce Cortisol and Aldosterone

Front 12

What consists the Gonadotropic hormones?

Back 12

LH and FSH

Front 13

What is the corresponding releasing hormone for ACTH?

Back 13

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)

Front 14

1. Identify the hormone: Acts on Ovarian follicles and testicular spermatogenesis cells.
2. Identify the hormone: Acts on Ovarian follicles and testicular Leydig cells.

Back 14

1. FSH
2. LH

Front 15

What are the releasing hormones for Growth Hormone?

Back 15

GHIH
GHRH

Front 16

What is the releasing hormone for both FSH and LH?

Back 16

GnRH

Front 17

What is special about the origins of the Pituitary gland?

Back 17

The anterior and posterior portions originate from different embryological sources

Front 18

Which kinds of signals does the Hypothalamus receive signals from?

Back 18

Neural Signals: Fear, Pain, Small, Depression.
Humoral Signals: Electrolytes, H2O, Hormones

Front 19

What are the two major functions of Somatotropin (GH)?

Back 19

Causes growth of almost all tissues of the body that are capable of growing.

Increases the utilization of fat to obtain energy.

Front 20

How is the rate of GH secretion controlled?

Back 20

By levels of Protein and Glucose (usually low levels)

Front 21

What is the most potent stimulator of GH secretion in acute vs. chronic conditions?

What other conditions may elicit an increased GH secretion?

Back 21

Acute: Hypoglycemia
Chronic: Low protein in cells

Other conditions: Starvation, exercise, excitement, trauma.

Front 22

Will Prolactin enhance the production of milk by the mammary glands?

Back 22

No.

It will stimulate the SECRETION of milk.

Front 23

Which hormone will act on the proliferation, growth, and maturation of melanocytes in the skin?

Back 23

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) secreted by the Anterior Pituitary.

Front 24

What two hormones are produced and secreted by the Posterior Hypophysis (neurohypophysis)?

Back 24

ADH (vasopressin)
Oxytocin

Front 25

What is the major difference between the Adrenal medulla and cortex?

Back 25

Adrenal Medulla receives direct neural stimuli and secreted adrenergic neurotransmitters - the Catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine/ Adrenaline and Noradrenaline)

Adrenal Cortex is stimulated by ACTH and secretes Corticoids: the Mineralcorticoid = Aldosterone, and the Glucocorticoid = Cortisol.

Front 26

What are all the functions of the Adrenal Cortex?

Back 26

Balance of fluids and electrolytes (Na+ and H2O)
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
Immune and Inflammatory processes
Androgens

Front 27

Which two hormones are secreted by the Thyroid Gland?

Back 27

Thyroid Hormone (Thyroxine)
Calcitonin

Front 28

What is the function of Thyroxine (TH)?

Back 28

Acts on most tissues and cells of the body to increase the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbs.
----> in turn, increases heat production and body temperature.

(BECAUSE THE MAIN BYPRODUCT OF METABOLISM IS HEAT PRODUCTION - from Temp. Reg. Chapter)

Front 29

Which two hormones are required for normal growth and development?

Back 29

Thyroid Hormone
Growth Hormone

Front 30

Which hormone regulates the metabolism of Ca2+ by its serum concentration, and by what mechanism does this occur?

Back 30

Calcitonin
By inhibition of osteoclasts = decreasing calcium loss from bones, and decreasing calcium absorption from the GI tract.

Front 31

Which hormones are PRODUCED by the Ovaries and by the Testes?

Back 31

Ovaries: Estrogen and Progesterone
Testes: Testosterone

Front 32

Which hormones are secreted by the Placenta to maintain pregnancy?

Back 32

Estrogen and Progesterone

Front 33

Which hormone is specifically secreted during the early stages of pregnancy?

Back 33

HCG- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Front 34

What is the function of HCG?

Back 34

Stimulate secretion of Estrogen and Progesterone from the Ovaries.

Front 35

Which hormone does Insulin inhibit?

Back 35

Glucagon

Front 36

Which hormone plays a major role in storing glycogen in the Liver and Skeletal Muscle?

Back 36

Insulin

Front 37

How does Insulin play a role in Protein metabolism?

Back 37

Promotes the uptake of Amino Acids, their conversion to Protein, and inhibits the conversion of Protein to Amino Acids.

Front 38

What happens to the majority of cellular membranes upon Insulin binding to the receptors?
Which areas of the body is this typical of, and where does it never happen?

Back 38

They become highly permeable to glucose.

Typical of cells in the Muscle and Adipose, but NEVER for neurons in the Brain.

Front 39

During exercise, does the muscle cell utilize insulin?

Back 39

No, during exercise the muscle cell membranes are naturally highly permeable to glucose, even in the absence of Insulin.

Front 40

When does the muscle use high amounts of glucose?

Back 40

1. During exercise (insulin independent)
2. After a meal (insulin dependent)

Front 41

What is the most important function of Insulin?

Back 41

Absorption of Glucose by the Liver ---> stored as Glycogen.

Front 42

How does Insulin affect Gluconeogenesis?

Back 42

Inhibiting

Front 43

How does Insulin affect the utilization of Fat for energy?

Back 43

It inhibits it, to preserve fat deposits.

Front 44

What happens if insulin levels are low?

Back 44

1. Triglycerides ----> Fatty acids and Glycerol in the blood.
2. Liver ----> Phospholipids and Cholesterol
3. Ketoacidosis

Front 45

Which metabolic processes are stimulated when Glucagon levels rise?

Back 45

Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Beta Oxidation by activating Adipose Cell Lipase

Front 46

What is inhibited by Glucagon?

Back 46

Triglyceride storage in the Liver.

Front 47

What hormone is responsible for the metabolism of Ca2+?

Back 47

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Front 48

THE TROPIN HORMONES

Back 48

• ACTH (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN HORMONE) - ACTS ONSUPRARRENAL OR ADRENAL GLANDS.

• TSH (THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE)

• FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE) - ACTS ON OVARIAN FOLLICLES AND TESTICULAR SPERMATOGENESIS CELLS.

• LH (LUTEINIZING HORMONE) - ACTS ON OVARIAN FOLLICLES AND TESTICULAR CELLS OF LEYDIG (ICSH).

Front 49

THE RELEASING HORMONES

Back 49

• TRH (THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE)

• CRH (CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORM.)

• GHRH (GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORM.)

• GnRH (GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORM.)

• GHIH (GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITING HORMONE)

• PIH (PROLACTIN INHIBITORY HORMONE)