Physiology Exam 3

Front 1

Blood: components

Back 1

1.plasma-fluid portion
2.cells & platelets

Front 2

Blood Plasma

Back 2

1.made of 92% H2O
2.Fxn: suspension & transport medium carrying dissolved substances

Front 3

Blood Plasma: Soluble Constituents

Back 3

1.plasma proteins
2.non-protein nitrogenous sub (NPN)
3.organic nutrients
4.Hormones
5.Electrolytes
6.Gases

Front 4

Plasma Proteins: Types

Back 4

(7% of plasma)
1.serum albumin &
2.serum golbulins
*make up 96% plasma proteins
3.prothrombin
4.fibrinogen
*related to blood clotting& assoc chem rxns; produced in liver

Front 5

serum albumin:

Back 5

60% of pr
smallest & present in highest quantity

Front 6

serum globulins:

Back 6

36% of pr
subdivived into categories:
1.alpha-1 globulins
2.alpha-2 globulins
3.gamma globulins

Front 7

Plasma Proteins: Fxn

Back 7

1.maintenance of osmotic balance b/w bld plasma & all tiss fluids
2.regulation of blood pH
3.transport of lipid substances in blood plasma
4. protection against infection
5.blood clotting

Front 8

osmotic balance maintenance:

Back 8

arterioles->capillaries->venules

Front 9

osmotic balance maintenance: forces involved

Back 9

1.hydrostatic pressure of blood
2.colloid osmotic pressure of blood

Front 10

hydrostatic pressure of blood

Back 10

BP inside capillaries; outward directed force on walls of caps; hi @ arterial end of cap & lo @ venule end of cap; force that forces blood thru caps; force involved w/ starlings- causes fluids from caps to enter tiss spaces

Front 11

colloid osmotic pressure of blood

Back 11

involved proteins present in blood plasma; loss of fluid thru caps to tiss space leads to inc conc of pr in plasma -> inc colloid osmotic press; lo @ arterial end of cap & hi @ venule end of cap (causes fluids to re-enter by osmosis & diffusion)

Front 12

osmotic balance maintenance: mechanism for fluid exchange

Back 12

1.influence of hydrostatic pressure
2.influence of colloid osmotic pressure

Front 13

influence of hydrostatic pressure:

Back 13

causes filtration of H2O & small molecules from blood plasma->tissue spaces

Front 14

influence of colloid osmotic pressure:

Back 14

pull fluid-H2O & small molecules from tissue spaces back to capillaries; caused by protein albumin & others in lower conc

Front 15

Regulation of Blood pH:

Back 15

proteins react w/ H+, reducing H+ content in blood, maintaining pH of 7.4

Front 16

Transport of lipid sub in blood plasma:

Back 16

3 plasma-protein carriers:
alpha-1, alpha-2, beta globulins; w/ fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, steroid hormones, & fat soluble vit's A,D,E,K attached to plasma pr for transportation

Front 17

Protection a/g Infection:

Back 17

ptrect a/g infective microorganisms, antigenic chemicals, toxins;

Front 18

plasma proteins involved w/ increasing destruction:

Back 18

gamma globulins, aka antibodies

Front 19

Blood Clotting/Coagulation:

Back 19

pr: prothrombin, fibrinogen & others all made by liver; change blood in soluble state (fluid) -> gel (semisolid)

Front 20

Non-protein Nitrogenous Substances:

Back 20

waste products:
1.urea- result from pr catabolism
2.uric acid-result from nucleic acid catabolism
3.creatine-result from skeletal musc activity
*all eliminated thru urine

Front 21

Organic Nutrients:

Back 21

1.glucose
2.amino acids
3.lipids (fa & triglycerides)
4.vitamins (H2O & lipid soluble sub)

Front 22

Hormones:

Back 22

come from endocrine glands & blood transports them thru the body to some site of action

Front 23

Electrolytes:

Back 23

ions:
1.cations: (+) Na,K,Ca,MG
2.anions: (-) Cl,HCO3,PO4,SO4

Front 24

Gases:

Back 24

1.O2- 20%; transported from lungs to tiss
2.CO2- 1%; transported from tiss to lungs
3.N2- 79%; the air we breathe

Front 25

Blood: Formed Elements:

Back 25

RBC erythrocytes
WBC leukocytes
platelets: parts of cells, thrombocytes

Front 26

Formed Elements: Hematocrit

Back 26

packed cell volume; start w/ whole blood sample->centrifuge & see seperation of formed elements & plasma

Front 27

whole blood sample:

Back 27

45% hematocrit (variances 43-45%)
55% plasma

Front 28

RBC: site of formation in adults

Back 28

red bone marrow; including cranial bones, centra of vertebrae, sternum, ribs, epiphysis of humerus & femur, pelvic bone

Front 29

RBC: control of prod in RBM

Back 29

linked to O2 content in blood: Hypoxia- O2 levels low detected by kidneys & kidneys produce erythropoietin, goes to RBM & causes an inc of RBC prod

Front 30

RBC: number in adult circulation

Back 30

4.5-5 million/mm3 males
4-4.5 million/mm3 females

Front 31

RBC: structure

Back 31

biconcave disc (Depressions @ both sides; no nuclei; no organelles; ultimately a bag that contains chemicals
1.center=stroma
2.contains chem: hemoglobin, carbonic anhydrase, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate

Front 32

carbonic anhydrase & 2,3-DPG involved w/:

Back 32

unloading O2 in tiss

Front 33

hemoglobin invlved w/:

Back 33

carrying O2 in RBC's

Front 34

RBC: Fxns

Back 34

1.Hb structure
2.transport of respiratory gases
3.partial regulation of blood pH

Front 35

Hb structure:

Back 35

4 polypeptide chains (2alpha & 2beta chains)
4 hemes (1 attached to ea polypeptide)
4 iron atoms attached to ea heme (part that carries O2)

Front 36

transport respiratory gases:

Back 36

Hb transports O2 from lungs to body tiss; CO2 can attach to Hb & carry CO2 back from tiss to lungs

Front 37

partial regulation of blood pH:

Back 37

measure of acidity; Hb reacts w/ free H+ ions
1. Hb+ H+ ->HbH, therefore acidity H+ reduced/eliminated

Front 38

cell-mediated immunity:

Back 38

protection a/g some bacteria, fungi, virus-infected cells, organ & tissue transplants, cancer cells

Front 39

RBC: life span

Back 39

120 days & then usually eliminated in the spleen

Front 40

Life Span: Neutrophils

Back 40

6 hours to a few days (active protection)

Front 41

RBC: Anemia

Back 41

decrease in O2 carrying capacity of blood; causes:
1.lower than normal RBC count
2.lower than normal Hb per RBC
3.presence of abnorm Hb: sickle cell disease

Front 42

sickle cell disease

Back 42

during extreme cold conditions, Hb precipitates from inside RBCs & become round, sickle shaped

Front 43

Life Span: Monocytes

Back 43

months

Front 44

RBC: Polycythemia

Back 44

too many RBC in circulation/higher than normal
1.primary polycythemia/polycythemia vera
2.secondary polycythemia/physiological polycythemia

Front 45

Blood: blood groups

Back 45

A
B
O

Front 46

poly. vera:

Back 46

tumor condition in RBM; not malignant & not all cells mature; too many RBCs increase viscosity of blood->hi BP

Front 47

Life Span: Lymphocytes

Back 47

hours to years; memory T & B lymphocytes

Front 48

physiol. poly:

Back 48

can happen to anyone; sea level->8000'->erythropoietin-?inc RBC count; return to sea level & RBC count returns to normal

Front 49

Leukocytes/WBC: Structure

Back 49

some have granules in cytoplasm-granulocytes & nuclei can have 2/> lobes;
others have no granules in cytoplasm-agranulocytes & nuclei are round to oval in shape

Front 50

Blood Groups: determining factors

Back 50

1.glycoproteins/agglutinogens: chem found on outer surface of RBC; capacity to react w/:
2.agglutinins: proteins norm present in blood plama

Front 51

Leukocytes/WBC: Types

Back 51

1.granulocytes
2.agranulocytes

Front 52

Number in adult circulation:

Back 52

5,000-10,000/mm3

Front 53

granulocytes

Back 53

1.neutrophils (most numerous)
2.eosinophils
3.basophils

Front 54

Blood Groups: characteristics

Back 54

agglutinogens:
O-none
A-A
B-B
AB-AB
Agglutinins:
O- a b
A- b
B- a
AB- none

Front 55

agranulocytes

Back 55

1.monocytes
2.lymphocytes

Front 56

Leukocytosis:

Back 56

increased WBC count above normal, typically associated w/ active infections in body

Front 57

Leukocytes/WBC: site of original formation & following maturation

Back 57

stem cells: immature, general cell that matures to more specific cells

Front 58

agglutination:

Back 58

chem rxn;
A agglutinogen reacts w/ a-agglutinin ->clumping RBCs
B agglutinogen reacts w/ b-agglutinin ->clumping RBCs

Front 59

lymphoid organs include:

Back 59

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, peyers patches in sm int.

Front 60

Leukemia:

Back 60

malignancy; WBC count 50,000/mm3 & higher abnormal cell count

Front 61

Leukocytes/WBC: Fxn

Back 61

related to protection a/g infectious agents, toxins, & autigenic chemicals
1.non-specific immunity: primarily directed a/g bacteria & viruses

Front 62

blood tranfusions:

Back 62

normally, transfuse indiv w/ normal blood types (Aw/A, Bw/B)
*rule: when donor gives to recipient: donors RBCs must not be agglutinated by recipients agglutinins

Front 63

ex: wound->bac enters tissues:

Back 63

neutrophil (1st WBC attracted to wound)->ambeoid mvmt: diapedisis to wound site or phagocytosis->supported by 2nd WBC attracted to wound: monocytes->enters tissues->macrophages->ambeoid mvmt or phagocytosis

Front 64

Leukopenia:

Back 64

WBC count lower than normal indicating an infection that has not been treated or one that has not responded to treatment

Front 65

ambeoid mvmt:

Back 65

move on own through capillaries walls

Front 66

Rh factor or D-antigen:

Back 66

if possess D antigen on RBC-> Rh+ (85%)
if dont possess D antigen on RBC-> Rh- (15%)
*in transufsions, always give + to + and - to -
*Rh+ to Rh- will produce antibodies a/g Rh+/agglutination

Front 67

Formed Elements: Thrombocytes

Back 67

platelets

Front 68

problems w/ pregnancy:

Back 68

Rh+M & Rh-F= Rh+child
*1st preg not prob; @ delivery Rh+ RBCs enter moms circulatory system & body will prod Rh+ antibodies a/g Rh+ RBCs; @ 2nd preg mom makes many Rh+ antibodies ->agglutination of fetal RBCs

Front 69

Thrombocytes: Site of Formation

Back 69

red bone marrow from megakaryocytes

Front 70

mild rxn vs extreme rxn:

Back 70

mild: child born w/ jaundice
extreme: erythroblastosis- stillborn fetalis

Front 71

platelets:

Back 71

portions of cytoplasm, not entire cells

Front 72

specific immunity:

Back 72

1.Humoral Immunity
2.Cell Mediated Immunity

Front 73

Thrombocytes: Fxn

Back 73

hemostasis: prevention of blood loss from body

Front 74

Humoral Immunity:

Back 74

antibodies protect a/g most bacteria, viruses & antigenic chem;

Front 75

hemostasis process:

Back 75

1.vessel spasm
2.plug formation: stick together to plug opening
3.blood clotting or coagulation: blood transformed from fluid (solid) to gel (semisolid) thru very long series of chem rxns go on in blood

Front 76

antibodies:

Back 76

specific plasma proteins found in body- gamma globulins

Front 77

mechanism of blood clotting:

Back 77

1.extrinsic pathway
2.intrinsic pathway

Front 78

extrinsic pathway: release

Back 78

tissues release tissue thromboplastin + cofactors + Ca2+

Front 79

intrinsic pathway: release

Back 79

platelets release platelet factor + cofactors + Ca2+