Physiology Exam 3

Front 1

4 major functions of the circulatory system

Back 1

1. Transportation
2. Temp Regulation
3. Wound Care
4. Immune Function

Front 2

Divides heart top from bottom, both sides dont contract simultaneously

Back 2

Fibrous Skeleton

Front 3

outer layer, tough connective tissue not connected to the heart

Back 3

Pericardium

Front 4

Actual heart wall
connective tissue, fat, blood vessels

Back 4

Epicardium

Front 5

Muscle layer of heart with slow-twitch fibers, middle

Back 5

Myocardium

Front 6

innermost layer of the heart

Back 6

Endocardium

Front 7

Cardiac muscle structure and function

Back 7

branching structure to prevent damage, gap junctions for direct communication between fibers, function: generate pressure

Front 8

electrically unstable, generates spontaneous AP, initiates heartbeat, pacemaker

Back 8

SA node

Front 9

What is the primary modifier of heart rate?

Back 9

Autonomic innervation of the SA node

Front 10

slower than normal heart rate at rest
least dangerous

Back 10

bradycardia

Front 11

fast heart rate at rest

Back 11

tachycardia

Front 12

no coordination, random contraction
most dangerous

Back 12

fibrillation

Front 13

Volume at the end of contraction (in the ventricle)

Back 13

End Systolic Volume

Front 14

Volume at the end of relaxation before contraction, (max blood in ventricle)

Back 14

End Diastolic Volume

Front 15

Blood amount pumped out of the heart (ventricle) in a single beat
(EDV-ESV)

Back 15

Stroke Volume

Front 16

Pressure Volume Loop
-min pressure and volume (ESV)

Back 16

A

Front 17

Pressure Volume Loop
-max volume (EDV)
-min pressure change

Back 17

B

Front 18

Pressure Volume Loop
-exceed aortic pressure
-open semilunar valve

Back 18

C

Front 19

Pressure Volume Loop
-semilunar valve closes

Back 19

D

Front 20

Ventricular "ejection fraction"

Back 20

SV/EDV

Front 21

Amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle in a minute

Back 21

Cardiac output

Front 22

Cardiac output

Back 22

SV x HR

avg: 5.5 so takes one min to travel though body in blood

Front 23

three factors that determine Stroke Volume

Back 23

1. End Diastolic Volume ^
2. Total Peripheral ResistanceV
3. Contractility

Front 24

Sum of resistance outside the heart
resistance to blood flow

Back 24

Total peripheral resistance

Front 25

Is peripheral resistance higher in systemic or pulmonary circulation?

Back 25

Systemic- higher

Front 26

Close/open capillary beds
in arterioles

Back 26

precapillary sphincters

Front 27

Type of capillary
-majority with tight juntions

Back 27

Continuous

Front 28

Type of capillary
-300x more leaky, windows

Back 28

Fenestrated

Front 29

Type of capillary
-gaps between cells, move large elements
-in bone marrow, liver

Back 29

Discontinuous

Front 30

High point pressure of arteries during contraction

Back 30

Systolic pressure

normal:120

Front 31

Lowest pressure at the end of relaxation

Back 31

Diastolic pressure

normal: 80

Front 32

Pulse Pressure

Back 32

systolic BP- diastolic BP

Front 33

Mean Arterial Pressure

Back 33

1/3 PP + diastolic BP

Front 34

three main factors that determine Arterial BP

Back 34

1. Cardiac output
2. Total Blood Volume
3. Total Peripheral Resistance

Front 35

Sensory receptors that measure pressure changes, communicate with CNS

Back 35

Baroreceptors

Front 36

Regulate blood volume, long term control

Back 36

Hormones
-control BP
-ADH Aldosterone

Front 37

thincker L ventricle wall, muscle grows inward, decreasing volume
can be caused by hypertension

Back 37

Pathological Hypertrophy

Front 38

-clot formation
-cause vasoconstriction

Back 38

Platelets

Front 39

the formation of blood cells from stem cells is bone marrow and lymph nodes

Back 39

Hematopoiesis

Front 40

formation of RBCs (bone marrow, fast rate)

Back 40

Erythropoesis

Front 41

formation of WBCs

Back 41

Leukopoesis

Front 42

=cessation of bleeding
1. vasoconstriction
2. formation of platelet plug
3. Fibrin web

Back 42

Hemostasis

Front 43

movement of fluid from capillary plasma to ISF

Back 43

Filtration

Front 44

movement of fluid from ISF to capillary plasma

Back 44

Absorption

Front 45

sum of pressure driving OUT

Back 45

hydrostatic pressure in capillary
oncotic pressure of ISF

Front 46

Sum of pressure driving IN

Back 46

hydrostatic pressure of ISF
oncotic pressure of blood plasma

Front 47

Net Fluid Movement

Back 47

OUT (filtration) - IN (absorption)

Front 48

stronger of the two forces?
filtration/absorption

Back 48

Filtration
-blood entering veins is more dehydrated

Front 49

Lymphatic System 3 main functions

Back 49

1. pick up excess fluid in capillary beds, return to veins
2. trans absorbed fat from small intest--blood
3. immunological defense