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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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marxism
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diletical view of history
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According to Marx, how is history run?
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Not by god but by economics
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How can we bring the pattern of history to an end?
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abolish private property
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utopia
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classless society in which the free development of each is the free development of all;with no private property and no private ownership of means of production
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why communist ideas can't be obtained
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1. For any person s, s either owns her body or s owns part of her body. But,
2. there are ownables that are properly private property (mainly parts of body) but, 3. the complete abolition of private property would entail that #1 is false 4. premise #3 is absurd so... |
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true or false
marx is a conventionalist |
true, no common human nature. you are what you are because of culture. product of society/social accident
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theory of false consiousness
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seeing the world in an incorrect way (apperance and not reality)
1. assumes that there is a single true consciousness |
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consciousness
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the way one percieves, values and understands the world (marx assuemd that this is conventional and, hence, variable)
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ideology
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instiutional beliefs that:
1. support the status quo 2. do so in a camouflaged way. ideological beliefs would often mislead one and keep one from seeing reality as it really is. |
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found in all societies
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1. means of production (how commoities are made...all the different ways)
2. economic relations (people can relate economically) |
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instiutions
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law
religion education morality family art entertainment all of these are how you aquire your class consiousness |
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how to see reality and remake society? solution?
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change the base...abolish private property
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t/f marxism is an abolishonist program
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true
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determinism
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all your acitons are simply consequences of things that happened long before you were born. you cannot change the past. therefore you cannot change the future
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egalitarianism
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the belief that goods (things that can be owned and distributed between persons) should be distributed equally amoung all people
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strict egalitarianism
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each member of a popultaion should recieve the same share of the distribution. if there a N members of a population, then each member should recieve 1/N of the distributed goods
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needs-based egalitarianism
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each member of a population should receive that part of the distribution that meets his or her need, no more, no less.
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marx solgan for justice
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to each according to need from each according to ability
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did marx want strict or needs based egalitarianism?
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needs based
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why think egalitarianism is true?
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1. IF one has an excess of some good and someone else has a dire life and death need of some of that excess (through no fault of her own), THEN some of that excess ought to be given to the one in need. call this principle "(c)".
a. good= something that can be owned and transferred b. "ought"= a moral and/or legal obligation 2. egalitarianism, especially the needs based sort, is often thought to be true based upon some principle like c. |
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the body parts arguement
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thinks principle c is false
there are excesses that are desperately needed and no one has a duty to give them up |
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is strict egalitarianism plausible?
the michael jordan arguement |
a.if strict egalitarianism is true, then any disparity is unfair, no matter how that disparity came about.
b. but whatever distribution results from a free and fair series of transactions among persons, is itself fair. c. the relevant queston: how did the dispairity come about? the mere exsistence of a disparity indicates nothing |
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is needs-based egalitarianism plausible?
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the lottery ticket arguement-
one can own an excess of something and not be under any obligation to share that excess with those in dire need (also the body parts) |
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can economic inequality ever be just and fair?
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yes, because there can be political liberty only if there is economic liberty
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alienation
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workers create products by mixing their own labor with natural resourcesto make new, composite things that have greater economic value. thus, labor is objectified, and turned into an ordinary thing that can be bought and sold on the open market, a mere commoditity
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bourgoeisie
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owners; people who own ladn, resources, factories, and other means of production
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proletariat
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people who work for wages
constitutes a majority of the population |
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3 kinds of alienation
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1. workers alienated from their labor
2. alienated from fruits of labor 3. seperated from commrades and yourself |
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exploitation
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1. workers must work ro survive: must sell their labor (cannot be self employed for the most part)
2. workers do not receive full value for their labor. paid wage is always less than the value of the goods produced 3. owner appropriates the surplus value of labor (profit margin); she gets more than she pays for |
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marx on morality
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ideology= institutional beliefs that support the status quo, and do so in a conceled way
-ideological beliefs are misleading -ideological beliefs can be believed only if they are not understood -ibs are probably false |
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t/f marx= atheist
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true
religion is ideological |
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marx on religion
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religion is the opium of the masses
-coulds your mind, doesn't allow you to see reality -religion serves the function of opium for the poor. allows you to escape reality. (you might not have it here but in heaven you will) |
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arguement against marx's theory about religion
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all movements in history have started off as religious movements (religion doesn't always keep status quo)
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marx's veiw of the universe
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purely natural, physical, material. no souls. deterministic-no freedom
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marx is a conventionalist. what does this mean?
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human nature is a product of society
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what is wrong with society according to marx?
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private property
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what is marx's soultion to the problem?
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revolution. usher in utopia. abolish private property.
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t/f marx is not a materialist
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false. he is
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t/f marx is a utopian
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true
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t/f marx is a tolalitarian
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true. no gov off limits
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t/f marx is egalitarianism
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true. distribute everything equally
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marx critique
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-problem of new class: class of party member. a toltalitarian, a burecrat
-self referential problem: marx was raised in capitalist society. how did he escape false conscioussness and ideologies? |
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economic determinism
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theory which attributes primacy to the economic structure over politics in the development of human history.
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econoic reductionism
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reducing everything to economics as the cause
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dialetical materialism
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is the philosophy of Marxism, which provides us with a scientific and comprehensive world outlook.Dialectics, states Engels in Anti-Duhring, "is nothing more than the science of the general laws of motion and development of nature, human society and thought." Put simply, it is the logic of motion.
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repression
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memory of an event too painful for consiousness to hold in view. invouluntary aciton in which consiouss material put into unconsciouss.
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sublimination
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persons continually forced by society and nature to adapt. drives which cannot find an outlet and are rechanneled
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unconsiousness
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mental activity of which one is not aware, can be unconscious motives
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id
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instinctual, biological dirves
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superego
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internalized parental and societal control
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ego
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reconciles and adapts demands of id and superego. sense of self (not born with it, acquire it). repository of your instincts
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transference
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projecting attitudes onto the analyst
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latent
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unconscious desire or wish
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dream
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surrogate wish fulfillment
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pleasure principle
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instinct (libido, eros drive)
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death wish
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instinct (hostility drive)
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two instincts
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1. pleasure princible
2. death wish |
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it takes mental energy to repress material. if you repress material, what happens?
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become catatonic
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principle of sufficient reason
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every event that occurs is due to a scientific reason/can be discovered by science. (every event in your life can be psychoanalyzed --reveals something about you.)
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true or false
marx and freudianism are compatiable |
false. incompatible
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psychoanalysis
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talk therapy. mental exploration to find what is hidden in unconsciousness. then you control it, it doesn't control you.
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who should you not psychoanalyze?
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anorexics, multiple personality disorder, anyone over 45
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dreams you forget?
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weren't disguised well enough
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dreamwork
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how dreams are disguised
a. condensation b. representation c. symbolization d. displacement |
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condensation
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many ideas condensed into one
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displacement
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bad or troubling images replaced by benign images
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representation
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when pictures replace language
(thoughts turn to images) |
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symbolization
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nonsexual objects have sexual meaning
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manifest/ latent distinction
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manifest- what you remember of dream
latent- wt dream really means |
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4 kinds of dreams
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1. convenience
2. traumatic 3. anxiety 4. sexual |
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convenience
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dream hungry, thirsty, need to go b-room (not interesting)
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traumatic
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dream about something bad that really happened
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anxiety
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did not happen to you. discharging sexual energy
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sexual
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more obvious sexual content. discharging sexual energy
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king and queen
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parents
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rooms, caves, vallies
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women
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sharp weapons, tree trunks, sticks, mountain peaks
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men
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staircase
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sexual intercourse
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wood
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female genitalia
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compatibalism
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possible you can both be fully determined and yet free (lack ability to do otherwise and yet your doing what you want to do)
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incompatibalism
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free only if you could have done otherwise, if you lack power to choose, not free, even if your doing what you want
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hard determinism
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universe is deterministic. only one possible future and incompatablaism is the case. no free will.
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soft determinism
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determinism and compatibalism is the case, can have free will. can punish/reward even if they couldn't have done otherwise
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libertarianism
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indeterministic, incompatable, and people have free will
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true or false
freud was a hard determinist |
false he was a soft determinist
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freud was a psychological egoist. what does this mean?
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people are naturally selfish
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true or false
humor is a way of bringing unconscious out |
true
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2 kinds of jokes
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innocent (only have the form of a joke. lacks repressed material as content. has forepleasure not final pleasure
tendenatious (has form and content. disguised repressed material--hostility or obsenity) |
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t/f psychological egoism is a normative theory
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false. not normative (how they should or should not act), it is descriptive (naturally how they act)
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delusion
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illusions that are false
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why does freud think religious belief is an illlusion? 3 natural causes that generate religious belief
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1. fear of nature (we want to control nature, so we create illusion of a deity)
2. social inhibitions (have to control yourself and your instincts. society compensates with culture art and religion. religion discharges sexual energy) 3. need for a father figure (powerful individual who protects and provides. earthly father doesn't always fulfill so heavenly father created) |
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is freud a materialist or a dualist?
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materialist--denys any body and soul. only body
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is freud an individualist or collectivist?
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individualist (PA has to do with individual)
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t/f freud is an atheist
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true
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t/f freud is a utopian
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true...science will bring about utopia
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t/f freud is determinist
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true, humans lack free will
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freud is an essentialist t/f
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true
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freud's view of the universe
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material place
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freud's view of the human person
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biological organism. mind not distinct from brain. death will kill
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freud's problem
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neurosis (behaviors that inhibit)
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freud's solution
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psychoanalysis (iterim)--eventually science will come up with something better
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