Phil 1320 Final

Front 1

the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.

Back 1

Philosophy

Front 2

the philosophical study of value. It is either the collective term for ethics and aesthetics... Philosophical fields that depend crucially on notions of value...or the foundation for these fields, and thus similar to value theory and meta-ethics

Back 2

Axiology

Front 3

also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality—that is, concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime, etc.

Back 3

Ethics

Front 4

the ethical position that moral agents ought to do what is in their own self-interest.

Back 4

Ethical Egoism

Front 5

ethical theory holding that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes the overall "happiness", by whatever means necessary.

Back 5

Utilitarianism

Front 6

1. Universality- Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law without contradiction
2. Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end.
3. Every rational being must so act as if he were through his maxim always a legislating member in the universal kingdom of ends.

Back 6

Kant's Ethics- Categorical Imperative.... 3 maxims

Front 7

normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules. It is sometimes described as "duty" or "obligation" or "rule" -based ethics, because rules "bind you to your duty".

Back 7

Deontology

Front 8

a school of thought that argues that pleasure is the only intrinsic good. In very simple terms, a ______ strives to maximize net pleasure.

Back 8

Hedonism

Front 9

denotes a class of meta-ethical theories all members of which entail that no one has any moral knowledge. Many moral skeptics also make the stronger, modal, claim that moral knowledge is impossible. Moral skepticism is particularly opposed to moral realism: the view that there are knowable, mind-independent moral truths.

Back 9

Moral Skepticism

Front 10

moral values and virtues are intrinsic, not dependent on anything outside of them. In ethical objectivism moral law is uncreated and eternal and not subject to any will, divine or human.

Back 10

Moral/Ethical Objectivism

Front 11

the doctrine that there is only one eternally true and valid moral code which applies to everyone, all places, and all times.

Back 11

Moral/Ethical Absolutism

Front 12

View that nothing is moral or immoral. Morals don't exist.

Back 12

Moral Nihilism

Front 13

the view that moral judgments do not function as statements of fact but rather as expressions of the speaker's or writer's feelings. implies that moral knowledge is impossible.

Back 13

Non-cognitivism (emotivism)

Front 14

a position characterized by its commitment to two propositions: (i) all moral claims are false and (ii) we have reason to believe that all moral claims are false.

Back 14

Error Theory

Front 15

There are no such thing objective moral truths (every man decides his own morals)

Back 15

Ethical Subjectivism

Front 16

the position that there are no moral absolutes, no moral right and wrongs. Instead, right and wrong are based on social norms.

Back 16

Ethical Relativism

Front 17

the theory that all of morality is dependent upon the will of God.

Back 17

Divine Command Theory

Front 18

the use of lethal substances or forces, such as administering a lethal injection, to kill and is the most controversial means

Back 18

Active Euthanasia

Front 19

the withholding of common treatments, such as antibiotics, necessary for the continuance of life

Back 19

Passive Euthanasia

Front 20

the practice of ending a life in a painless manner

Back 20

Voluntary Euthanasia

Front 21

euthanasia is performed on a person who is able to provide informed consent, but does not, either because they do not choose to die, or because they were not asked. It is typically, but not always, murder

Back 21

Involuntary Euthanasia

Front 22

is euthanasia conducted where the explicit consent of the individual concerned is unavailable.

Back 22

Non-Voluntary Euthanasia

Front 23

The central argument of his book is an expansion of the utilitarian idea that "the greatest good of the greatest number" is the only measure of good or ethical behavior. Singer argues that there is no reason not to apply this to other animals. He popularized the term "speciesism", which was originally coined by Richard D. Ryder, to describe the practice of privileging humans over other animals.

Back 23

Singer's Animal Rights Philosophy

Front 24

non-human animals are what he calls the "subjects-of-a-life," just as humans are, and that, if we want to ascribe value to all human beings regardless of their ability to be rational agents, then to be consistent, we must similarly ascribe it to non-humans.

Back 24

Regan's Animal Rights Philosophy

Front 25

core principle is the belief that, like humanity, the living environment as a whole has the same right to live and flourish.

Back 25

Deep Ecology

Front 26

whole is greater than the sum of its parts... A way to ensure that all aspects of an issue are considered and all perspectives are taken into consideration. Everything from the small, minute, individual details to the big picture. Also, it is not only addressing these different perspectives separately, but being able to relate them to each other in various ways.

Back 26

Ecological Holism

Front 27

The utilitarian theory of punishment seeks to punish offenders to discourage, or "deter," future wrongdoing

Back 27

Utilitarian Theory of Punishment

Front 28

"Let the punishment fit the crime"

Back 28

Retributive Theory of Punishment

Front 29

a conflict ought to meet philosophical, religious or political criteria.

Back 29

Just-War Theory

Front 30

The opposition to war and violence

Back 30

Pacifism

Front 31

derived from embryos. Most embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in vitro—in an in vitro fertilization clinic—and then donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors. They are not derived from eggs fertilized in a woman's body.

Back 31

Embryonic Stem Cells

Front 32

A relatively rare undifferentiated cell found in many organs and differentiated tissues with a limited capacity for both self renewal (in the laboratory) and differentiation. Such cells vary in their differentiation capacity, but it is usually limited to cell types in the organ of origin. This is an active area of investigation.

Back 32

Somatic Stem Cells