Phil 110 Final Study

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Logic

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Organized Body of Knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments

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Argument

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A group of statements one or more of which the premises are claimed to provide support for, or reasons to believe the conclusion.

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Statement

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A sentence that is either true or false

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Premise

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A statement in an argument that sets forth evidence or reasons

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Conclusion

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The statement in an argument that the premises are claimed to support or imply

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Inference

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The reasoning process used to produce an argument

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Proposition

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The information content of a statement

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Truth Value

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The attribute by which a statement is true

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Conditional Statement

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An if..., then.... statement

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Antecedent

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The section of a condition statement after if and before then

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Consequent

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The section of a conditional statement that follows then...

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Explanation

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A statement or group o statements intended to shed light on some event

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Illustration

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A kind of nonargument composed of statements intended to show what something means or how something is done

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Expository Passage

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A kind of nonargument consisting of a topic sentence and are or more sentences that expand on the topic sentence

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Deductive Argument

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An argument which the arguer claims are impossible for conclusion to be wrong

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Inductive Argument

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An argument which the arguer claims are improbable for the conclusion to be wrong.

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Argument based on Mathematics

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A deductive argument in which the conclusion depends on some purely arithematic or geometric computation or measurement.

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Argument From Definition

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A deductive argument in which the conclusion is claimed to depend merely upon the definition of some words or phrases used in the premise or conclusion.

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Categorical Syllogism

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A syllogism in which all 3 statements are categorical prepositions. A syllogism in which all 3 statements begin with the words all, none, some, etc.
Ex: P1:All men are mortal
P2: Socrates is a man
C: Socrates is a mortal

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Hypothetical Syllogism

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A syllogism having a conditional statement for one or both of its premises.
EX: P1:If john loves mary, then he will marry her
P2: John loves marry
C: John will marry Mary

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Disjunctive Syllogism

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A syllogism having a disjunctive statement for one of its premises.
Ex:P1:either mary is a republican or a democrat
P2: She is not a republican
C: She is a democrat

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Argument From Analogy

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An inductive argument that depends on the existence of a similiarity between 2 things or states of affairs
Ex:P1: Entity A has Features a,b,c and z
P2: Entity B has features a,b,c
C: Entity B will probably have feature z

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Generalization

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An inductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a selected sample to some claim about the whole group.

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Prediction

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An inductive argument that proceeds from our knowledge of a selected claim about the future.

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Argument from Authority

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An inductive argument that concluded something is true because a presumed expert or witness has said that it is.
Ex:P1:Authority X claims C
C: C is either true or false

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Arguments Based on Signs

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An inductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign to a claim about the thing or situation that the sign is symbolizing.

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Casual Inference

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An inductive argumnent that proceeds from the knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect.
Ex: Cause leads to a effect, or Effect leads to a cause

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Valid Argument

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An argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given the premises are true. Any argument that doesnt have true premises and a false conclusion

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Invalid Argument

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A deductive argument which its possible for conclusion to be wrong given the premises are true. Only invalid argument is true premises and false conclusion

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Sound Argument

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A deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises. So all true premises and true conclusion

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Unsound argument

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A deductive argument that is either invalid or has one of the premises are false.Any argument that is not sound

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Strong Argument

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An inductive argument in which its improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true.

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Weak Argument

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An inductive argument in which the conclusion doesn't follow probably from the premises.

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Cogent Argument

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An inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises

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Uncogent argument

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An inductive argument that is either weak or has on or more false premises.