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70 Cards in this Set
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Descartes |
set out to doubt until he could doubt no more; began by noting our senses can deceive us, deceit destroys trust, thus we can never fully trust our senses; even If we are being deceived, we are still thinking; we cannot doubt that we are doubting, if we are doubting we are thinking; cogito ergo sum – I think therefore I am; body and mind are separate; born knowing innate ideas
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Ryle
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mind/body of Wittgenstein; argued that mind and body were separate, and that thinking of them together or talking about one when you need to be talking about the other is a category mistake.
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Lebensform
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concrete life forms
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Tractatus:Philosophical Problems arise because |
we try to say things that “cannot be said” (in the scientific picture language) |
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Investigations:Philosophical Problems arise because |
we mistake one language for another (strike analogy) |
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Hume
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the last Aristotelian; when we think we reason about two kids of objects, matters of fact and relations of ideas; epistemology; we cannot know for certain the sun will rise tomorrow; |
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In Hume’s Epistemology, what are the two things that we reason about?
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Matters of fact and Relations of ideas |
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What are matters of fact?
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Information we perceive through our senses; can never be certain
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What are relations of ideas?
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Definitions and mathematics |
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Kant
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“reality” is the world we perceive ; the external world must conform these categories of judgment; noumena and phenomena |
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Bentham
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invented the panopticon (prison with guard tower in the middle of cells); motives for human behavior: maximize pleasure & minimize pain; utilitarian calculus |
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Mill
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Believes everyone is a utilitarianist, they just don’t know it or want to admit it; types of pleasure: physical and intellectual
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Singer
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Animal Liberation; Solution to world poverty: intentions don’t matter, we’re all child murderers because we can feed a starving child for a year with the cost of an iPod |
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Nietzsche
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Perspectivism; slave-morality; “god is dead” Overman - Ubermensch |
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Marx
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science of revolution; communist manifesto; das kapitol; dialectical materialism
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Rawls
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“Justice as Fairness”; A Theory of Justice; state of nature: prior to any social interaction/contracts; not even the family unit; doesn’t exist; |
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Russell
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“On Denoting”; propositions are the bearers of meaning
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Frege
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logicism; father of “analytical philosophy;”
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Ayer
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logical positivism
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Wittgenstein
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finished mathematica practicum; wrote the Tractatus and it got published bc Russell wrote the intro; announced he had solved all of philosophy’s problems; Philosophical Investigations; language games/category mistake; language doesn’t do one thing, it does lots of things
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Fueurbach & Hegel
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F- You are what you eat H- You are an animal that has to eat
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Meditations
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Descartes
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Utilitarianism
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Mills
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Genealogy of Morals
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NIetzche
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Communist Manifesto
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Marx
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Das Kapital
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Marx
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Leviathan
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Hobbes
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Two Treatises of (on) Government
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Locke
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A Theory of Justice
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Rawls |
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“Justice as Fairness”
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Rawls
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Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
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Hume
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Essay Concerning Human Understanding
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Locke
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Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous
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Locke
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Critique of Pure Reason
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Kant |
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Tractatus Logico-Pholosophicus
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Wittgenstein; Picture theory of language; language and reality have one thing in common: pictoral form; “what can be said, can be said clearly”; “That whereof we cannot speak, we must keep silent”; Clear distinction about what we can and cannot speak about sensibly; philosophical problems arise bc we try to say things that cannot be said; there are indeed things that cannot be said., these are mystical; |
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Philosophical Investigations
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Wittgenstein
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Language, Truth, and Logic
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Ayer
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Principia Mathematica
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Russell & Whitehead started it; Russell had Wittgenstein finish it
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Pragmatism
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Pierce coins the phrase; to have a conception of something is to conceive of all the positive practical effects; James writes the book
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Res cogitans
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Descartes; “thinking thing”
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Pineal gland
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Descartes; interface between mind and body; how mind and body interact
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Category Mistake
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Ryle; Language Category Mistake
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Logical Behaviorism
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Ryle; belief in non-material mind or soul is the product of a “category mistake”; descriptions on mental states or events are actually descriptions of behaviors
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Dualism
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belief that mind and body are separate; Descartes; plato
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Dialectical Materialism
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Marx; “Dialectic” comes from the philosophy of GWF Hegel; Hegel’s thought is progressive or evolutionary; historical movement takes place principally in the realm of ideas or “Giest”; First comes the idea, thesis; this is negated by the antithesis; out of the dialectical struggle of thesis & antithesis a 3rd new idea emerges: the synthesis; then the cycle starts all over again, until a higher, rational unity is achieved; Hegel was an idealist. Marx’s materialism was influenced by Ludwich Feuerbach
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Transcendental Criticism
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Kant; how to establish a sure connection between our thoughts and the external world; doesn’t think you’re born knowing stuff, but doesn’t believe you’re a COMPLETE blank slate;
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Analytical/Synthetic Judgments
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analytical- necessarily true; to deny them causes contradiction synthetic- these truths cannot be 100% certain (a posteriori), result through experience;
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Synthetic a priori
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special class of synthetic judgments that are certain
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Skepticism
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Hume; frees us from a desire for the unattainable & redirects our attention back toward custom and tradition; “We cannot be sure the sun will rise tomorrow”; we must rely on moral sentiments; rationalism and empiricism lead to “philosophical melancholia and delirium” and he offered his skepticism as a cure
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Utilitarianism
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Bentham; a form of consequentialism; a form of hedonism; “Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote pleasure; wrong as they tend to produce pain” |
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Greatest Happiness Principle
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Bentham; Always act for the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
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Utilitarian Calculus
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Bentham; Assign a numerical value to pleasure and pains; make moral decisions based on the calculation
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Hedonism
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Pleasure is the goal of life
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Consequentialism
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judge the rightness of an action based on the consequences
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Overman
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Ubermensch; affirms life; creates meaning by “positing his own values”; is exceptional; “If you stare into the Abyss long enough, the Abyss stares back”
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Perspectivism
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Nietzche; there are no facts, only interpretations; creating and imposing an interpretation of the world is an exercise of the “Will to power”; the will to power is natural, but modern philosophy is unnatural
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Slave Morality
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life-denying based on ressentiment; based on the fiction of the autonomous moral actor; there is no “doer” there is only the “deed”
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What is Nietzsche’s story of the two societies?
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the warrior society (Roman Empire-good=strength, valor, perseverance, health, vitality/ bad=weakness, cowardice, sickness, impotence) and the priestly society (Ancient Israel-good=purity/ bad=impure) come into conflict; Rome controlled Judea military, attempts to overthrow Romans (failed); Israel fought back by overturning the Roman “value system” good= poor, weak, oppressed bad= strong, powerful, rich; “transvaluation of all values”; institutionalized in Rome when Christianity triumphed
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Social Contract Theory
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Hobbes and Locke; we are fundamentally autonomous individuals
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What was Hobbes view of the Social Contract Theory?
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State of Nature : materialist (matter/atoms), physicalist model of human interaction, bellum omium contra omnus- war of all, against all, the natural state of nature is chaos; no justice; Contract : out of state of nature; sovereign : enforcement, absolute power, only retain one right of self (preservation), model of gov’t (Leviathan: giant monster), sovereign is the product of the contract, thus the power pyramid is flipped and the power comes from the people
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What was Locke’s view of the social contract theory?
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State of nature: law of nature, essentially religious, world created by God and He governs it; doesn’t believe nature is chaos, but still believes people misbehave; inconvenience of the start of nature: inability to defend ourselves in the state of nature; Contract: remedy these inconveniences; second treatise is a justification of revolution; laws of nature - life, liberty, property (body (not absolute, God owns you), labor, fruits of your labor)
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State of Nature
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Hobbes; natural state of nature is chaos; bellum omnium contra omens
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Bellum omnium contra omnes
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Hobbes; war of all, against all; natural state of nature is chaos.
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Natural Law
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liberalism; locke; Jefferson; based on transcendent moral order; Nietzsche denies this; freedom is found within this moral order; assumes the priority of pre-political social groups such as families, churches, and guilds; liberty is the most important political virtue
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Original Position
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replaced the “state of nature”; how would we go about making a society from scratch if we could?
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Veil of Ignorance
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you have to disregard everything that makes you, you; you have to think of yourself as one of the group. Those under would chose liberty and equality
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Liberty Principle
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maximum amount of liberty consistent with like liberty for all; side constraint: one’s liberty begins where another’s begins
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Equality Principle
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non-arbitrary inequalities of condition must meet these two criteria; everyone must benefit; offices to which these inequalities accrue must be open to all
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Neoumena
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things as they are in themselves, apart from our experiences of them; we have no access
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Phenomena
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things as we experience them; only world we can know |
