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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Alport's View of Personality |
Personality seeks motive for behaviour in the present and not the past. It is within the person and accounts for our development of self-awareness |
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Alports Definition of Traits |
- Traits are a synthesized system (not independent) always being created and built - Traits are NOT habits - Traits account for the consistent way that we respond to situations - Traits are universal and unique |
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The 5 Types of Traits |
1. Individual Traits: Unique to each person, what makes you, you. 2. Common Traits: Entire culture will name and be able to recognize 3. Cardinal Trait: Not everyone has this, consumes ones entire life (fame) 4. Secondary Traits: dependent on the situation, only seen sometimes 5. Central Traits: The common traits that one would use to describe a person (usually 5) |
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Idiographic vs. Nomothetic Approaches |
Idiographic Approaches: focus on studying one person at a time. Nomothetic methods are general to society and non unique. Alport preferred idiographic because traits are unique to individuals and should not be generalized to all. |
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What is the Proprium? (The-Self) |
The organizer of personality, includes everything that you view as being most essential. This develops over time. |
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8 Stages that lead to the development of "The-Self" |
1. Bodily Stage 2. Self Identity (name, identity) 3. Self Esteem (doing things on your own) 4. Self Extension (Defining what you own) 5. Self Image (looking glass) 6. Self as a rational coper (Solving your own problems) 7. Propriate Striving 8. Self as a knower |
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What make up a healthy mature adult? |
- Someone who has lots of connection beyond the self, warm human interactions - Someone who is emotionally secure - Someone who has realistic perceptions of the real world and of themselves - Someone who has a unifying philosophy of life |
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What is Raymond Cattle's Factor Analysis |
Determining if thousands of traits can be reduced to a smaller, more usable set of most important traits. Reduced 4000 traits down to 16 |
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Steps of Factor Analysis |
1. Correlational Matrix - How closely related scores are between variables 2. Factor Analysis - Reducing the variables to smaller number |
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Cattell's Equation for Predicting Behaviour |
Predicted Response (Pj) B1 (T1) + B2 (T2) + B3 (T3) ..... T - traits B- Weights determined by factor analysis |
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Cattell's Equation for predicting Intrapsychic Conflict |
Conflict Index = square root of sum of negative b weights divided by sum of positive b weights. |
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What are Source Traits? Types of Source Traits |
basic elements of personality identified only through factor analysis. Only some traits are unique most are shared. Temperament Traits: how a person behaves Ability Traits: how well a person can perform the behaviour |
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Eysenck Three Factor Analysis |
Eysenk factored the 16 PF traits down to three super traits 1. Introversion - Intraversion 2. Neuroticism - Emotional Stability LATER 3. Psychoticism |
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Link between Biology and traits and research to prove it |
Eysenck believed that traits were biologically determined. He found that organisms respond differently to the same stimuli based on heredity. Lemon Drop Test: drop of lemon on the tongue Extraverts: show high levels of arousal Intraverts: already have high levels of arousal so they don't show much change |
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(MCRAE AND COSTA) THE BIG FIVE THEORY |
1. Openness "drug use" 2. Contentiousness "predictor of job performance" 3. Extraversion popular, mate poaching 4. Agreeableness smokes less, doesn't want to be judged 4. Neuroticism Criminal behaviour |
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How were they determined? |
Factored down the most important and most common words used to describe people. |
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What other factors go into the Big Five other than just traits? |
Biological factors influence our traits, our traits influence our behaviour and our behaviour and culture influence each other. More than just our culture influences our traits and the way that we act. |
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Is the Big Five universal? |
When translated into different languages, 4 factors were yielded. When languages were analysed to find similar words, a lot of the factors overlapped with the english factors. NOT universal, they vary from regions around the world, but have similar meanings. |
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Similarities between the trait three trait approaches. |
All of the trait approaches are integrated. (1) Allport began with finding 4000 traits related to humans, (2) Cattell factored this down to 16 PF most important traits and (3) Eysenck factored this down even more to three super traits. |
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Differences between the trait approaches? |
Eysenck focused on the biology of traits, Allport focused on cognitive synthesis of traits and Cattle focused on the concrete mathematical side of traits |
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Why do different factor analysis come up with different numbers of essential traits? |
The factor analysis each were measuring different factor affects on traits. Cattell was measuring the weights of importance and Eysenck was focused more on biological measurement |
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Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) |
- can open up and close for channels of stimuli and information to flow into the brain - people very in how open or how closed their ARAS is Open = Intravert Closed = Extravert |
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ARAS Research |
Intraverts are not more chronically aroused than extraverts. When both placed in a quiet setting they have the same levels, however, when they are placed in a loud bright environment, introverts are show quicker and stronger responses. |
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Amygdala |
The amygdala is associated to reward (positive and social emotions) and threat responses (fear and anger). If this is damaged than people are unable to feel emotions. Charles Whitman murdered his wife because he had a tutor on his amygdala |
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Frontal Lobe |
- Associated with all behaviours unique to humans, such as planning or speech. - Split asymmetrically between left and right lobe Pleasent vs. Unpleasant Approach vs. Withdrawal Stability vs. Neuroticism |
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Capgras Syndrom |
No emotional response to familiar things. ex. don't recognize your family |
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Somatic Marker Hypothesis |
Frontal Lobe damage impairs connection between thinking and emotional reaction |
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Pre Frontal Leucotomy |
removal of the white matter behind frontal lobe, results in people who are usually over excited to calm down and be less emotional |
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Pre Frontal Lobotomy |
completely removing a piece of the frontal lobe. Causes major changes in emotions such as not being able to plan or think ahead. WHY? because the parts of the brain all work together they are not independent. |
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Neurotransmitters Dopamine |
affects our sociability and general level of activity - lacking= depression and bipolar disorder - high levels = extraversion |
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Serotonin |
Affects our emotional stability and behavioural responses - low levels: irrational anger and poor decision making (criminals) |
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Selective Serotonin Re uptake |
- increase the levels of serotonin in the body - stops the negative emotions but does not increase the positive emotions - no study on the long term effects |
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Hormones Epinephrine and Norepinephrine |
Epinephrine: Adrenaline throughout the body Norepinephrine: Adrenaline only in the brain - fight or flight responses, easily triggered in people with high anxiety |
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Testosterone |
Related to aggressive behaviour and controlling of behaviour - extraversion, restless energy, smiles less |
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Cortisol |
- Response to stress, speed of heart rate and raised blood pressure - High levels cause anxiety and depression - Low levels cause PTSD and impulsivity |
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Do different animals have personalities? How is this found? |
Found through either coding or trait ratings. |
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Why should we continue? |
1. Greater experimental control 2. Greater ability to measure psychological parameters 3. Opportunities for naturalistic observations 4. Accelerated life span of animals |
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How are heretabilities calculated? |
- Finding the correlation between identical twins and the correlation between fraternal twins to see how important genes play in our behaviour |
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Formula: heritability effects on genes |
H2: Rmz - Rdz x2 |
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Formula: Effect of shared environment |
C2 : Rdz - 1/2 (H2) |
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Formula: non shared environment |
E2: 1 (reliability coefficient) - Rmz |
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What do these formulas tell us? |
1/ Genes matter 2/ Prediction of mental disorders 3/ how much the environment matters or doesnt matter |
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How strong is the influence of genetics on personality? |
Genes, neurotransmitters and personality are all related. Our gene determines the expression of our neurotransmitter such as high levels of dopamine, which then would determine our traits of being extraverted which would influence our personality of being outgoing or social. |
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Does Family Matter? |
Past research has said that family doesnt matter, however, it has shown that children who are raised in criminal or violent environments are affected. |
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Do parents matter? |
Parents influence values, manners and beliefs - they influence behaviours but traits are still biological (proven through adoptive kids who share similar traits to their biological parents who they've never met) |
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Borkeau, Reimann Article on shared environments |
They criticize that all of the past studies were based on self -report. Therefore twins would emphasize their differences between each other and all other twins. - They believed that peer reports and observations studies would be more reliable. - results showed that environment still played a weak role in traits however, more of an affect than self report |
