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140 Cards in this Set
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Individual Psychology |
Adler's term for his brand of psychology. Stated: Although humans are unique, they are characterized by inner harmony and a striving to cooperate with fellow humans |
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Compensation |
Making up for an inferiority in their life/body/etc. by overdeveloping another part of their life/body/etc. |
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Overcompensation |
Converting a biological weakness into strength |
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Feelings of Inferiority |
Adler said all humans start life with these because they are so dependent on adults for survival
When compensation/overcompensation are directed towards real or imagined inferiorities
Makes children seek power
Inferiority makes us strive to achieve, after we achieve we feel inferior again and the cycle continues |
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Masculinity (Adler) |
The impulse to become strong |
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Femininity (Adler) |
Feelings of weakness |
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Anatomy is Destiny (Adler) |
Adler did not believe Anatomy is Destiny, rather attitudes towards oneself or others is destiny |
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Masculine Protest |
When one strives to become more masculine (powerful) and less feminine (weak)
Both males and females do this
(Called "Female Protest" in cultures where females are considered powerful) |
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Inferiority Complex |
A neurosis that results when a person is too overwhelmed by inferiorities to act |
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Fundamental Fact of Life (Adler) |
Striving for Superiority |
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Superiority Complex |
When a person puts his strive for superiority over the needs of others and society
Person tends to be arrogant, boastful, vain, etc. Lacks social interest. |
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Hans Vaihinger |
Published the Philosophy of "As If". Said we invent terms, concepts and theories called fictions to give meanings to sensations (Can be laws, generalizations, theories, symbols, words, ideas, etc.)
Adler based theories such as fictional finalisms and life interpretations using his work |
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Perception (Adler) |
Subjective reality matters more than objective reality. A child's perception of reality affects them more than actual reality
How we perceive the world results in various world views. World can be a loving place to be embraced or an evil place to be avoided
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Worldview (Adler) |
How a child views the world based on their perception. Grows out of early childhood perceptions which are usually the most vivid early memories. |
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A child with a negative worldview will feel like... |
They have to fight or escape from the world to gain superiority.
Dominate, defeat, destroy, withdraw. |
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A child with a positive worldview will feel like... |
They have to participate in the world to gain superiority.
Join, Love, Create, Cooperate |
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Fictional Finalism |
A person's final goal. A "Guiding Self Ideal". Formed out of a child's worldview.
Made Adler's theory teleological
Life would be chaotic without these
Are changed by healthy people when circumstances call for it (See them as tools/means to an end). Are held on to by neurotics when circumstances call for change (See them as ends in themselves; believe them to be reality).
Creates our subjective reality, which is more important than objective reality
We live "As If" these things were true (eg. "Other people are big and dangerous and I must protect myself")
Most of us are unaware of our fictional finalism
Can be true but don't have to be |
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Negative Worldview Professions |
Ruthless businessman/politician, criminal, hermit, domineering parent/spouse/teacher |
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Positive Worldview Professions |
Physician, social worker, artist, writer, philosopher, theologian, well intentioned politician |
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Social Interest |
An innate need for all humans to live in harmony and friendship with others and aspire toward the development of a perfect community
The need to adapt oneself to social environment
Bonds people together
A person inherits a potential for social interest, if that potential isn't realized, that person will become neurotic or worse
Determined by early relationship with mother. If the mother is positive and cooperative, the baby will have a cooperative nature; if the mother keeps the baby to herself, the baby will learn to exclude people |
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Three Major Life Problems that Require Social Interest |
1) Occupational Tasks: Constructive work helps a person advance society
2) Societal Tasks: Requires cooperation with other humans
3) Love and Marriage tasks: The relationship between this task and the continuance of society is clear |
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Mistaken Lifestyle |
Any lifestyle not aimed at socially useful goals
Examples of this are superiority and inferiority complexes
Determined by perception of the world, not reality
Can be traced through analysis of birth order, first memories, dreams, and mannerisms |
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Four Kinds of People (Adler) |
Ruling-Dominant Type: Try to rule and dominate others
Getting-Leaning Type: Expects everything from others and tries to get the most from them
Avoiding Type: Succeed by avoiding problems
Socially Useful Type: Confronts problems and tries to solve them in socially useful ways. Not a mistaken lifestyle |
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Both mistaken and healthy lifestyles begin |
In childhood |
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Three Childhood Conditions that Tend to Create Mistaken Lifestyles |
1) Physical Inferiority: Stimulates compensation or overcompensation, which can be healthy or unhealthy
2) Pampering/Spoiling: Makes a child believe that it is up to others to satisfy their needs. Expects his wills to be laws. The most severe parental error. Creates Oedipus complex. Forbids the struggle that we love.
3) Neglect: Causes the child to feel angry, useless, or mistrustful |
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Other conditions that can result in mistaken lifestyles |
1) Failure to express a normal amount of tenderness
2) Considering sentimentality as ridiculous
3) Excessive use of punishment
4) Establishing unattainable goals/standards
5) Excessive criticism of other people
6) Regarding one parent as superior to the other |
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Creative Self (Adler) |
States that people aren't ruled by experiences and heredity, that they can use these things as blocks to build their lives
We choose how to live our lives, no one is exactly the same.
Personality is, essentially, self-created |
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Safeguarding Strategies |
Tools neurotics use to safeguard the little self esteem or illusions of superiority they have left.
Similar to Ego-Defense Mechanisms except 1) They are used only by neurotics, 2) they can be used consciously, and 3) they protect a person from the outside world rather than their minds
These are not needed by healthy people as their superiority and esteem are genuine |
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Three Categories of Safeguarding Strategies |
1) Excuses: A neurotic develops symptoms and uses them to excuse shortcomings ("Yes, but.." "If only...")
2) Aggression:
- Depreciation: Overvalue your accomplishments while undervaluing those of others. ^ Idealization: Judging others through standards so high that no real person could live up to them ^ Solicitude: Acting as if people are incapable of caring for anyone but themselves. Treat people like children - Accusation: A tendency to blame others for your own shortcomings and seek revenge - Self-Accusation: Cursing oneself, reproaching oneself, self-torture, suicide
3) Distancing: Escaping life's problems by distancing oneself from them |
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Methods of Distancing |
Moving Backward: Reverting to a more secure and less complicated time of life. Attempt to gain some control of life, get attention, or avoid responsibility
Standing Still: Prevents a neurotic from moving closer to the reality of life, facing truth, taking a stand, etc.
Hesitating: Waiting when faced with problems
Constructing Obstacles: Creates distance that may be overcome instead of removing a person from life's problems
Experiencing Anxiety: Exemplifies all distancing strategies
Exclusion Tendency: Living in a "narrow stable" |
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Goal of Psychotherapy (Adler) |
To make a person aware of their lack of cooperative power and its origin in early childhood.
To enhance cooperative power, to assure them that their inferiority complex is false, awaken courage and optimism, find the meaning of life.
The patient seeks a new lifestyle that contains social interest. |
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Adlerian Therapy Process |
Avoids punishment, blame, criticism, and authoritarianism so as not to increase the neurotic's feelings of inferiority
Patient and therapist sit face to face, informally.
Therapist won't pamper or neglect, patient can't use neurosis to gain pity.
2 sessions a week, improvement after 3 months, process shouldn't take longer than a year |
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Adler said preventing disorders is _____________ than treating them |
Easier and less costly |
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Adler's view of the unconscious |
His theory of the creative self minimalized the importance of repressed memories. People can use memories as they suit their purposes.
People's perceptions are based out of our worldviews, guiding fictions, and lifestyles |
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Adler's methods of research |
Birth order, first memories, and dreams are "Entrance gates" into the mind |
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Birth Order |
Children are treated differently depending on the order in which they are born. Influences worldview, life goals, and lifestyles
Concentrated on First Born, Second Born, Youngest Child, and Only Child |
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First Born |
The center of attention until they are dethroned by the second child and constantly have a rival for attention.
Understand the need for power or authority
If a child has established a cooperative worldview by the time the second is born, they may be cooperative toward the child. If not, they will resent the child for perhaps a lifetime |
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Second Born |
Must strive to achieve as they are always in competition with older sibling
Can't endure strict leadership of others |
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Youngest Child |
Spoiled and not independent. Ambitious but lazy. Likely to take an identity far different from that of their families (a musician in a family of scientists) |
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Only Child |
A first born that is never dethroned. Shock comes in school when it is discovered that they aren't always the center of attention.
Develops exaggerated sense of superiority, likely lack well developed social interest and have a parasitic attitude towards others expecting them to pamper and protect them.
Sweet children/ Charming adults |
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Factors that may interact with birth order to produce contrary effects |
1) Sex of Siblings 2) Number of years separating siblings 3) The way the child views their relationships with family members |
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Earliest Memories |
The easiest way to identify a person's lifestyle. Doesn't matter if they are real or not, it is the person's perception of them that matters
There is a close relationship between one's first memories, life goals, lifestyle, and world view
Memories can't run counter to style of life, a person will chose memories that suit their life goal. |
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Psychological Death |
The death of a mistaken lifestyle |
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Rebirth |
Attaining a new lifestyle with healthy social interest |
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Dream Analysis (Adler) |
Agreed with Freud that it was important.
Disagreed that they provided partial satisfaction of a wish that would otherwise be impossible to satisfy.
Adler said dreams are are an expression of one's lifestyle and must be consistent with it.
Said that they offer emotional support for mistaken lifestyles by leaving a self-deceptive feeling
Said that healthy people rarely dream |
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Behavioral Mannerisms |
Adler observed these to gain insight into a person's lifestyle
How they walked, spoke, where/how they sat, if they were constantly leaning on something, the distance between therapist and client, eye contact
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Differences between Freud and Adler |
1) Adler saw mind as an integrated whole, Freud saw it as warring factions 2) Adler emphasized the conscious mind, Freud emphasized the unconscious mind 3) Adler emphasized future goals, Freud minimalized value of future goals 4) Adler said social motives are primary, Freud said biological motives are primary 5) Adler was optimistic about human nature, Freud was pessimistic 6) Adler used dream analysis to interpret lifestyles, Freud used dream analysis to interpret unconscious mind 7) Adler said humans can chose their personality; Freud said human personality is determined by heredity and environment 8) Adler minimalized importance of sex, Freud emphasized importance of sex 9) Adler said psychotherapy should be used to establish a lifestyle with healthy social interest, Freud said psychotherapy should be used to discover unconscious mind |
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Adler on Struggling |
We live to struggle, we are never more alive than when we are struggling |
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Adler on Teleology |
The drive of all living things is governed by future goals
Knowing a person's goals can help determine their behavior
These goals don't have to be tangible things, they can be to hide, not to feel, not to experience pain, etc. |
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Differences between Jung and Adler |
Jung said we are motivated by self-actualization (The harmonious blending of the many parts of the psyche), Jung said we are motivated by future goals and inferiority |
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Adler's 1st tenent |
Striving for superiority and to overcome inferiority. Superiority doesn't mean "better than you" it means "better than me" |
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Adler said our personality is determined by |
Our social relationships |
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Neurosis is caused by... (Adler) |
Lack of social interest
Neurotics are very into themselves |
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Neurosis is caused by... (Horney) |
Disturbed social relationships.
The rudiments of neurotic behavior trace back to early parent-child relationships |
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Horney and Freud _______ that early childhood experiences are important |
Agreed
Horney did disagree with the idea of Freud's stages of development
Horney agreed with Adler's idea that children are born helpless |
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Two basic needs in childhood (Horney) |
1) Safety: The need for security and freedom from fear. Most important for personality development
2) Satisfaction: The need for food, water, and sleep. Completely dependent on parents. At least minimal satisfaction is needed for survival. |
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Horney _______ with the idea that children spend their lives compensating for feelings of helplessness |
Disagreed |
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(Horney) One of two things can happen in childhood |
1) Parents show warmth and affection for a child, satisfying the need for safety, leading to healthy development
2) Parents are cold, hostile, or indifferent to a child, frustrating the child's need for safety, leading to neurotic development |
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Basic Evil |
Horney's Core Concept
Behavior of parents that undermines a child's security
Includes indifference, obvious preference for a sibling, rejection, hostility, unfair punishment, ridicule, humiliation, erratic behaviors, unkept promises, and isolation
Everybody experiences this to an extent. |
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Basic Hostility |
A repressed hostility by a child toward parents as a result of basic evil. A child is torn between hostility and dependence
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Four kinds of basic hostility suppression |
1) Helplessness "I repress because I need you" 2) Fear "I repress because I'm afraid of you" 3) Love "I repress because I fear what little love you give" 4) Guilt "I repress because I would be a bad child if I didn't" |
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Basic Anxiety |
When basic hostility towards parents generalizes to the entire world, causing a child to believe the world is dangerous
The soil in which a neurosis can grow |
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Neurotic Need (Neurotic Trend) |
Tools we use to minimize Basic Anxiety
Neurotics cling to one of these and refuse to switch it with another one when situations warrant it. Spend a disproportionate amount of energy on satisfying one of these needs.
The neurotic makes satisfying one of these needs a way of life. Tries to satisfy one of these needs at the expense of other needs
Neurotic focuses intently on need --> Other needs go unsatisfied --> Neurotic feels more anxiety --> Neurotic focuses more on original need |
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10 Neurotic Needs |
1) Need for affection and approval 2) Need for a partner that will run one's life 3) Need to live one's life within narrow limits 4) Need for power 5) Need to exploit others 6) Need for social recognition and prestige 7) Need for personal admiration 8) Need for ambition and personal achievement 9) Need for self sufficiency and independence 10) Need for perfection and unassailability |
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Major Adjustment Patterns |
Horney's three groups of the ten neurotic needs. Considered her greatest contribution to psychology
Primary modes of personality development
Match idealized self
These happen at a very young age, younger than 2 years old
1) Moving toward people 3) Moving against people
A normal person can use any of the three patterns depending on the situation. A neurotic clings to tightly to one and is forced to face all of life's circumstances with it as a guide. |
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Moving Toward People |
Also called the Compliant Type. "If I give in I won't be harmed". This person needs to be liked, accepted, and cared for. Their friendliness is based off of misplaced aggression.
See themselves as good, saintly, and lovable. - Need for a dominant partner - Need to live in narrow limits |
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Moving Away from People |
Also called the Detached Type. "If I withdraw, nothing can hurt me." Has a need to put emotional distance between themselves and others.
See themselves as independent
- Need for self sufficiency and independence - Need for perfection and unassailability |
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Moving Against People |
Also called the Hostile Type. "If I have power, no one can hurt me." These people are capable of acting friendly, but only as a means to an end. Looks at situations as "What can I get out of this?"
See themselves as strong knowing and admirable
- Need for power - Need for to exploit others - Need for social recognition and prestige - Need for ambition and personal achievement |
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Real Self |
What all humans are born with. Is conductive of normal personality growth.
If people live accordance to their real selves, they will experience Self-Realization (Approximating their full potential to live in harmony with other humans) |
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Idealized Self |
A fictional self created when a child feels negatively about themselves when separated from their Real Self
An unrealistic dream that neurotics cling to in order to escape their real selves
A person clinging to their Ideal Self can't stand their Real Self. They swing between their ideal self and their despised image |
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Self-Realization (Horney) |
The approximation of a person's full potential to live in harmony with other humans |
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Tyranny of the Should |
When a person's life is directed by an unrealistic self image.
Living by what should be rather than what is |
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Externalization |
The tendency to experience internal processes as if they occurred outside of oneself, and to hold these external factors responsible for one's difficulties
Removes a person from their real selves
Moves feelings as well as blame to other people
Experiences that actually are external to a person are overvalued
A person using externalization will blame others for their successes and failures, and will try to change their lives by changing other people
When a person's externalization doesn't fit their ideal self, they will show external rage |
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Auxiliary Approaches to Artificial Harmony |
Unconscious devices that neurotics use to deal with conflicts from ideal self.
Used by both healthy people and neurotics, but neurotics use them excessively
Neurotics make webs of lies to continue to live in their Ideal Selves
Similar to Ego Defense Mechanisms and Safeguarding Strategies |
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7 Auxiliary Approaches to Artificial Harmony |
1) Blind Spots: Ignoring certain aspects of life that don't fit in with the ideal self 2) Compartmentalization: Dividing one's life into separate components with different "rules" (e.g. Being loving at home but ruthless at work) 3) Rationalization: Deceiving oneself through plausible but inaccurate excuses to justify one's perceived weaknesses, failures, or inconsistencies 4) Excessive Self-Control: Remaining in vivid control of all emotions at all times to guard against anxiety 5) Arbitrary Rightness: Deciding an arbitrary stance on an issue, regarding it as unchallangable truth, and declaring the problem solved to keep from from feeling indecisive or ambiguous. 6) Elusiveness: Rarely making a decision at all, thus removing ability to be criticized 7) Cynicism: Not believing in anything and thus being immune to disappointment of being false and the hardship of forming own opinions |
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Horney's Views on Feminine Psychology |
Oedipus complex manifests itself symbolically in marriage when people choose partners with similar traits as parents
Originally agreed with idea of penis envy and added male counterpart of womb envy
Later said that society is only determinant of personality and biology isn't one
Females aren't inferior due to biology, they are inferior due to society |
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Horney's Psychotherapy |
Used psychoanalysis tools such as Free Association and Dream Analysis to determine what Major Adjustment Pattern a patient was using
Used transference to determine what Major Adjustment Pattern a patient was using. - Detached type attempts to watch while therapist performs a cure separate from him - Compliant type tries to use pain and suffering to gain sympathy
Externalization is a roadblock as patients treat therapy as they would a dentist appointment, not participating. They complain about everyone but themselves. |
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Goal of Psychotherapy (Horney) |
To bring the patient back in touch with their real self and reestablish the ability for positive growth and relationships
To do this patients must be convinced that they were living a life of illusion and that this was making their lives frustrating. Must be stressed in the direction of self-realization by showing them their capacity for human relationships/talents/responsibilities
Not to create human beings, but to recreate real humans with real feelings, fears, etc. |
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If therapy was effective, Horney expected to see these characteristics: |
1) Responsibility: Making decisions and accepting the consequences, recognizing obligations to other people
2) Inner Independence: Living in accordance to one's own inner values and respecting the rights of others to do the same
3) Spontaneity of Feelings: The ability to honestly feel one's own feelings
4) Wholeheartedness: The ability to be emotionally sincere and put the whole of oneself into feelings, work, and beliefs
These indicate that a person is on the path to self-realization |
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Self-Analysis |
Karen Horney said that people can perform psychoanalysis on themselves with enough skill and knowledge.
Free association is vital and thus so is Resistance. The question in self analysis is "how well can a person overcome Resistance?" The ability to overcome resistance directly relates to the success of self-analysis |
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Horney's 3 Main Tasks for Those Undergoing Analysis |
1) To express themselves as freely and frankly as possible 2) To become aware of their unconscious driving forces and influences 3) Developing the capability to change those disturbing attitudes that are disturbing relationships with themselves and the world |
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Comparison of Horney and Freud |
1) Both believed that early childhood events are important. Freud thought stages were important, Horney thought relationship with parents was important 2) Both believed unconscious motivation is important. Horney believed that all neurotic behavior resulted from unconscious repressed hostility 3) Freud believed that biological motivation is important and that life is for satisfying these drives; Horney believed that biological motivation isn't important but rather a child's need for security is important 4) Freud used psychotherapy to discover unconscious motivation and discouraged self-analysis, Horney used psychotherapy to discover Major Adjustment Patterns and encouraged self-analysis 5) Freud said anatomy is destiny, Horney disagreed 6) Freud said human personality is formed early on and is very hard to change, Horney said human personality is influenced early on but is changable |
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Ego Psychology |
Erikson's version of psychology that states the ego has its own desires and doesn't only operate in service of the id
It's job is to organize a person's life and keep harmony between his physical and his social environments
How the ego gains or loses strength as a function of developmental experiences |
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Erikson's experiments with Anatomy and Destiny |
He would have children create scenes from pictures with dolls.
Found that boys often built towers and girls built enclosed spaces. These, he thought, reflected their genitals |
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Erikson's stance on "anatomy is destiny" |
Biology has some effect, but a person is more than just a body so anatomy, history, and personality are combined to create destiny |
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Epigenetic Principle |
States that development occurs in a series of stages that occur in a predetermined universal (worldwide/culturewide) sequence |
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8 Psychosocial Stages of Development |
Erikson said that people's personality develops through 8 life stages, from birth to death.
People go through stages and personality characteristics that result from each one are added to those already existing characteristics in a person.
Biology factors determine when a stage will occur, Social factors determine whether it will resolve positively or negatively.
Ages that people go through stages are approximated as they are determined by the epigenetic principle and biology
At each stage we become a different person |
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Crises |
An important turning point in life that appears in each stage
Can have a positive outcome (strengthens the ego and encourages adaption) or a negative outcome (weakens the ego)
Outcomes are never completely positive or completely negative. The goal for positive resolution is to have more positive than negative
If all stages are resolved positively, normal development will occur. If one or more are resolved negatively, development will slow. You have to positively resolve a crisis to be able to face the next one. |
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3 Phases of Crises |
1, Immature Phase: The crisis is not the main point of personality development
2, Critical Phase: The crisis is the main point of personality development due to biology, physiology, and social reasons
3, Resolution Phase: The resolution of the crisis influences further personality development |
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Ritualization |
Recurring patterns of patterns that reflect the beliefs, values, customs, and behaviors of a society or culture (Wearing a bikini at the beach but not in church)
Culturally approved patterns of everyday behavior that allow a person to be come a member of that culture |
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Ritualism |
An exaggerated, distorted, or inaccurate Ritualization
When the functional value of a ritualization is overlooked
A stereotyped ritualization |
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Culture (Erikson) |
A particular version of human existence
Many valid versions exist |
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The 8 Psychosocial Stages |
1) Infancy (0-1 yrs): Basic Trust vs Mistrust 3) Preschool Age (3-5 yrs): Initiative vs Guilt 5) Adolescence (12-20 yrs): Identity vs Role Confusion 6) Young Adulthood (20-24 yrs): Intimacy vs Isolation 7) Adulthood (25-64 yrs): Generativity vs Stagnation 8) Old Age (64-Death): Ego Integrity vs Despair |
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Infancy: Basic Trust vs Mistrust |
1st stage, 0-1
If a child's needs are satisfied in a loving and consistent manner the will develop Basic Trust. If a child's needs are not they will develop Basic Mistrust
Ritualism: Idolism (An infant's normal reverence and respect for the mother is exaggerated into excessive admiration and idolization)
Psychosexual Stage Counterpart: Oral Stage |
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Early Childhood: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt |
2nd stage, 1-3
Children develop a wide array of skills such as pushing, pulling, walking, talking. Learn to hold on and let go (both emotionally and physically) The stage when we can first decide whether or not to do something.
Ritualism: Legalism (The letter of the law is valued above the spirit of the law.)
Psychosexual Stage Counterpart: Anal Stage |
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Preschool Age: Initiative vs Guilt |
3rd stage, 3-5
The previous stages let children learn that they are people, this stage is when they learn what kind of person they are.
If parents are encouraging of these initiated behaviors the child will develop Initiative, if parents punish these behaviors the child will develop Guilt and will live in narrow limits Virtue: Purpose (The courage to pursue goals)
Psychosexual Stage Counterpart: Phallic Stage |
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School Age: Industry vs Inferiority |
4th stage, 6-11
Children learn economical survival skills and other skills that allow them to become productive members of a culture. |
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Adolescence: Identity vs Role Confusion |
5th stage, 12-20
The transition between childhood and adulthood where children must find an identity and commit to it as a strategy for life. This stage is concerned with finding an identity while not having one.
A person will positively resolve this stage when they find an identity. If they don't find an identity they will either suffer Role Confusion (Inability to chose a role to play, making short-lived, superficial commitments) or Negative Identity (taking on the identities that children are warned not to because they'd rather be bad than nobody at all)
Ritualization: Ideology (Searching for an Ideology such as religion, politics, or philosophy, to synthesize all ego functions and create a game plan for life
Psychosexual Stage Counterpart: Genital Stage |
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Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs Isolation |
6th stage, 20-24
People must develop a capacity for productive work and intimate relationships, if they do they develop Intimacy, if they don't they develop Isolation
Virtue: Love (The mutuality of devotion forever subduing the antagonisms inherent in divided function)
Ritualization: Elitism (When those feeling isolation surround themselves with like-minded people rather than forming deep emotional commitments [often includes snobbery, status symbols, and exclusive clubs] Psychosexual Stage Counterpart: None |
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Adulthood: Generativity vs Stagnation |
7th stage, 25-64
When a healthy and productive adult tries to directly (through children) or indirectly (through creating life-enhansing experiences) pass the same down to the next generation, this is Generativity. Those who do not experience Generativity experience Stagnation and interpersonal impoverishment
Ritualization: Generationalism (Transmitting cultural values to the younger generation, trying to give them the same cultural experiences that they had)
Ritualism: Authorism (When older members of society use their authority for selfish purposes instead of care for the younger generation)
Psychosexual Stage Counterpart: None |
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Old Age: Ego Integrity vs Despair |
8th stage, 65-death
A person who can look back on a rich, constructive, happy life will not fear death this is called Ego Integrity. A person who looks back on their life with frustration experiences Despair.
Ritualization: Integralism (Knowing that a person has been and instrument in life and such has a sort of immortality. Is the unification of all other ritualizations. Puts death in perspective)
Ritualism: Sapientism (Playing the role of knowing all the answers. Life is viewed as having little meaning) |
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Goal of Psychotherapy (Erikson) |
To encourage the growth of those ego virtues that are missing (the outcome of all crises is reversible in that virtues can be lost or gained)
Meant to strengthen the ego to deal with life's problems
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Comparison of Erikson and Freud |
1) Development: Freud said there were stages until adolescence and ages 0-6 were most important; Erikson said there were stages all through life and each one was important
5) Dream analysis: Erikson minimized use of dream analysis. Said ego could be seen in dreams, healthy people's egos were in control in dreams and that it suggested solutions to people's problems. Used dream analysis to test the strength of the dreamer's ego
Religion: Freud said that religion is an infantile concept stemming from fear and desires; Erikson said religion is something many people need, without it people would be filled with uncertainty |
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Maslow's theory was |
Humanistic and focused on human growth and potential
Said we are endlessly wanting and seeking |
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Maslow focused on what kind of person? |
Outstanding individuals with significant impacts on the world |
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Third Force Psychology |
Maslow's term for his psychological theories, which focus on "the whole story of human motivation". The first two forces being behaviorism and psychoanalysis |
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Reductive-Analytic Approach to Science |
Reduces humans down to patterns of conflicts or habits |
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Holistic-Analytic Approach to Science |
Views humans as thinking, feeling creatures |
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Principles of the American Association of Humanistic Psychology |
1) The primary focus of psychology should be experiencing the person 2) Choice, Creativity, and Self-Realization are the concern of humanistic psychology 3) Only personality and socially significant problems should be studied 4) The major concern of psychology should be the enhansment of people |
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Hierarchy of Needs |
The cornerstone of Maslow's theory
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Order of the Hierarchy of Needs |
1) Physiological Needs 2) Safety Needs 3) Belongingness and Love Needs 4) Esteem Needs 5) Self-Actualization Needs |
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Physiological Needs |
Lowest on the hierarchy
Directly related to survival such as eating, sleeping, sex, elimination, etc.
Needs shared with animals
The only needs that can be fully or over-satisfied |
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Safety Needs |
Second lowest on the hierarchy, become dominant after physiological needs are satisfactorily met
Are concerned with reducing uncertainty in life. Need for order, structure, security, and predictability
Often seen in children |
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Belongingness and Love Needs |
Third Highest on the hierarchy, become dominant after physiological and safety needs are satisfactorily met
The need to be affiliated. The need to have friends, to have a supportive family, to identify with a group, need for an intimate relationship |
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Esteem Needs |
Second highest, becomes dominant after the first three are satisfactorily met
Need to be recognized by others which produces feelings of prestige, acceptance, and status. Need to have self-esteem producing feelings of adequacy, confidence, and competence
Accomplished by doing socially useful activities
A lack of satisfying these needs will make a person feel inferior and discouraged |
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Self-Actualization |
Highest of all needs. Becomes dominant after all other needs are satisfactorily met
An ongoing actualization of potentials, capacities, and talents. A fuller knowledge and acceptance of one's intrinsic nature. An increasing trend toward unity. |
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Exceptions in the Hierarchy of Needs |
Some people have a set of needs go unsatisfied for so long that they obsess over that need only, neglecting all others |
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Degrees of Satisfaction |
One set of needs doesn't have to be completely satisfied in order to move on to the next set
Can work on multiple sets at once
Think of satisfaction of needs as percentages instead of satisfied or not satisfied
You can be starving and still reach self-actualization |
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Desire to Know and Understand |
Related to the satisfaction of needs in the hierarchy as it helps solve problems and overcome obstacles which allows for satisfaction of needs
Exist in all needs |
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Aesthetic Needs |
Needs for order, symmetry, structure, and completion of actions
Is seen in some adults and universally in children
Needs are instinctoid
Needs are most evident in self-actualized people |
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Being-Motivation |
Also known as Growth Motivation as it affects inner-growth
No longer a "Darting Searchlight" |
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Deficiency-Motivation |
Motivated by the lack of things such as food, water, sex, etc.
Also called Need-Directed Perception (D-Perception/ D-Cognition) |
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Being-Cognition (B-Cognition) |
Differs from D-Cognition as it focuses on what is actually there as opposed to what isn't there |
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Difference between D-Love and B-Love |
D-Love: Seeking love as one would food, selfish, satisfies a personal deficiency
B-Love: Non-possessive, can be endlessly enjoyed, therapeutic effect, richer than D-Love, allows both partners to grow. B-Lovers less jealous and more independent |
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Metapathology |
The effect not satisfying a B-Value has on one's life |
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Peak Experience |
The sense of ecstasy or rapture felt during moments of intense B-Cognition |
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List of B-Values and their Metapathologies |
1) Truth; Disbelief, mistrust, etc 2) Goodness; Utter selfishness, hatred, repulsion, etc. 3) Beauty; Vulgarity, Restlessness, Loss of taste, etc. 4) Unity/Wholeness; "The world is falling apart", Arbitrariness 4A) Dichotomy-Transcendence; Black and White Thinking, loss of gradations 5) Aliveness/Process; Deadliness, Mechanization of Life 6) Uniqueness; Sameness, Uniformity, etc. 7) Perfection; Imperfection, Sloppiness, etc. 7A) Necessity; Accident, inconsistency, etc. 8) Completion/Finality; Incompletness 9 Justice; Injustice 9A) Order; Lawlessness, chaos, etc. 10) Simplicity; Confusing complexity, disconectedness, etc. 11) Richness/Totality; Poverty, coarctation, etc. 12) Effortlessness; Effortfulness 13) Playfulness; Humorlessness 14) Self-Sufficiency; Contingency, accident 15) Meaningfulness; Meaninglessness |
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Characteristics of Self-Actualized People |
1) Perceive accurately and fully: Perceptions aren't colored by needs 2) Demonstrate a greater acceptance of themselves, others, nature: Accept themselves as they are, lack defensiveness, anxiety, etc 3) Exhibit spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness: True to their feelings 4) Concerned with problems rather than themselves: They are committed to a task 5) Quality of Detachment and need for privacy: Depend on their own values and thus don't need to be with others constantly 6) Autonomous: B-Motivated, more dependent on inner world than outer world 7) Continued freshness of appreciation: Experience events of their lives with awe and wonder 8) Periodic peak experiences: All people can get these, only self-actualized people can experience them fully-blown 9) Identify with Humankind: Concerns extend past their friends to everyone 10) Deep friendship with few people 11) Tend to accept democratic values: Friendly to people of all races, backgrounds, etc. 12) Strong ethical sense: Ideas of right and wrong are solid, sometimes unconventional 13) Well developed, unhostile sense of humor: Find humor in things that don't injure or degrade others 14) They are creative 15) Resist enculturation: Will not follow a cultural norm that violates their inner-values
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Negative Characteristics of Self-Actualized People |
A surgical coldness as a result of their strength
Can be boring or have tempers and experience all other human vices |
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Why Self-Actualization isn't Universal |
1) It is the weakest of all needs 2) Most people fear the knowledge of themselves it requires 3) Cultural environment can stifle it 4) One must choose growth over safety |
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Jonah Complex |
A fear of one's own greatness, evasion of one's destiny, running away from one's talents |
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Optimal set of circumstances for a child to grow |
Freedom within limits
Too much permissiveness or control is harmful |
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Conditions Necessary for Self-Actualization |
1) Freedom of Speech 2) Freedom to do what one wants as long as it isn't harmful 3) Freedom to Defend Oneself 4) Order 5) Justice 6) Fairness 7) Honesty 8) Challange |
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Anatomy is Destiny (Maslow) |
Maslow believed that anatomy is destiny
Males and Females have different psychological foundations
The process of self-actualization is different for males and females |
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Eupsychia |
Maslow's imagined utopia of 1000 healthy families where there would be complete synergy |
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Synergy |
Working together/cooperation |
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Ashram |
An Indian place for spiritual growth. Where healthy people go to get healtier
Called Growth Centers in Western World |
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Guru |
A spiritual leader |
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Esalen Institute |
The first ashram in America, founded by Michael Murphy and Richard Price where Maslow taught for a short time |
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Transpersonal Psychology |
Experiences that transcended customary limits of personal identity and experience
What Maslow created near the end of his life to explain what humanistic psychology couldn't
Psychology's fourth force |
