Psychology Of Personality - Exam 3

Front 1

Behaviorists study...

Back 1

How a person's behavior is a direct result of environment -- particularly, the rewards and punishments in that environment.

Front 2

Define: Learning

Back 2

Change of behavior as a function of experience.

Front 3

Empiricism vs. Rationalism

Back 3

Empiricism - all knowledge comes from experience.
Rationalism - structure of the mind determines experience of reality.

Front 4

Empiricism, according to Locke and Watson

Back 4

Locke - called baby's mind "tabula rasa," blank slate ready to be written on by experience.
Watson - can take any person and shape their experiences for them to be a doctor, lawyer, beggar, etc. *Little Albert Study

Front 5

Define: Associationism

Back 5

Personality results from repeated associations of simple ideas.

Front 6

Define: Hedonism

Back 6

(1) We learn for two reasons: to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
(2) Provides the reason we do anything at all or the motivation for empiricism and associationism.

Front 7

Hedonism & Utilitarianism

Back 7

A social philosophy; the best society provides happiness for the most people possible.

Front 8

Skinner proposed...(2)

Back 8

(1)That we should only locate causes of behavior in the observable.
(2) We can design environments to elicit better behavior. (Ultimately, no free will though.)

Front 9

Learning (4 Types)

Back 9

(1) Habituation – a decrease in responsiveness with each repeated exposure to something; simple association.

(2) Classical conditioning – building on what is already there through association.

(3) Operant conditioning – a complex process of learning; learning based on systems of rewards and punishments.

(4) Observational learning – learning a behavior by watching someone else do it.

Front 10

Learned helplessness:
(1) Fear vs. Anxiety
(2) Definition
(3) Characteristics

Back 10

(1) Fear - one knows what danger is and has reason to think it's impending.
Anxiety - one is not clear what the danger is or when it's coming.

(2) Maladaptive behavioral pattern; A feeling that you have no control over the situation causing a problem.

(3) View problems as *personal, *pervasive, and *permanent; Common in depression.

Front 11

Reinforcement, Pos vs. Neg

Back 11

Occurrence after behavior to increase future repetition likelihood. (Hedonism says reinforcements should be good or valued.)

Positive - Addition (of good/valued item) to environment.
Negative - Subtraction of bad from environment.

Front 12

Punishment

Back 12

Occurrence after behavior to decrease repetition likelihood. (Hedonism says it must be bad.)

Front 13

Reinforcements and punishments form...

Back 13

Operant conditioning.

Front 14

Problems of Behaviorism? What addresses them?

Back 14

Ignores motivation, cognition, thought;
Based largely on animals;
Ignores social dimension of learning;
Treats organism as passive.

(Dollard and Miller) Social learning (theory) addresses problems.

Front 15

Habit Hierarchy
-Effect of Rewards/Punishments

Back 15

Most likely behaviors at the top of hierarchy. Least likely at bottom.

-Rearranges hierarchy.

Front 16

Drives, Primary & Secondary

Back 16

State of psychological tension that feels good when reduced; a need (food) produces drive (hunger) that is pleasurable to reduce (eating).

Primary: Food, water, physical comfort, pain avoidance, sexual gratification.

Secondary: Love, prestige, money, power, humiliation avoidance.

Front 17

Drive Reduction Theory & Zero Need?

Back 17

There can be no reinforcement without the reduction of a drive.

True reinforcement is not attaining zero need; it's the (pleasurable) movement from a state of higher need to lower need.

Front 18

Frustration-aggression Hypothesis

Back 18

John Dollard and Neal Miller say the natural, biological impulse when being blocked from goal, or frustrated, is anger.

They borrow from Freud: Displacement causes the misdirection of the anger.

Front 19

Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Key Assumptions (5)

Back 19

(1) Increase in drive strength influences approach or avoidance.

(2) In conflict, choice with greater drive strength wins.

(3) Tendency to approach positive goals increases as close in.

(4) Same for avoidance and negative goals.

(5) Number 4 is stronger than 3. Thus, avoidance curve is steeper.

Front 20

Julian Rotter's Social Learning Theory, Specific & Generalized Expectancies

Back 20

Expectancy Value Theory - (1) behaviors are influenced by presence and perception/size/etc of reinforcements; (2) also influenced by belief about results of behavior. These make up expectancies.

Specific - Belief that certain behavior + certain environment = specific outcome.

Generalized - Belief about the degree of influence your behaviors have on outcomes; People with low gen exp likely lethargic and depressed, high gen exp likely energetic and motivated.

Front 21

Locus of Control

Back 21

Internal = High gen exp
External = Low gen exp

Front 22

Rotter ...>... Albert Bandura's Efficacy Expectations, Therapy

Back 22

Similar, but Bandura's EE is a more self-directed belief -- whether or not you can DO something in the first place. Am I capable? My answer affects my behavior.

Should be used in therapy. (Ex: If you believe you can, then you will do it. If you do it, life is more rational and productive.)

Front 23

Reciprocal Determinism

Back 23

Relationship between self <> behavior <> environment.

Means that (despite humanism) actions/personality not just from the mind or (despite behaviorism) just from the world.

Front 24

Learning Approach to Personality: Conclusions

Back 24

(1) Established as objective science with theoretical reasoning, data-supported evidence, well designed experiments.

(2) Better than any approach at realizing behavior can depend upon environment, even specific, present situation.

(3) Established technology for behavioral change. [See Examples slide next.]

Front 25

Learning > Behavioral change technology, Examples (2)

Back 25

Applied Behavioral Analysis - study and manipulate functional relationship between environment and behavior. Seen in education (autism treatment), organizations, sports psychology.

Cognitive-Behavioral therapy - applies learning approach to treatment of depression, phobias, addictions, emotional/behavioral disorders.

Front 26

Learning Approach Limitations

Back 26

Technology works in the short run; in the long run, not so clear/true.

We are more complicated than simple classical conditioning.

Differences in characteristics can mean different reactions to same situation. (Rotter kinda acknowledges this with locus).

Thoughts, memories, fantasies, comparison, evaluation, and decision making play a factor.

Behavior is hard to change; people normally stay who they are.

Front 27

Personality processes (4)

Back 27

Perception
Thought
Motivation
Emotion

Front 28

Priming & Chronic Accessibility

Back 28

Priming - activation of concept/idea by perceiving/thinking about it.

CA - tendency of concept/idea to come to mind. Concepts high on CA become part of personality.

Front 29

Subliminal Conditioning & Perceptual Defense

Back 29

At subliminal level, a fear response can be elicited.

Perceptual Defense - ego tries to prevent stimuli that superego finds offensive from entering awareness.

Front 30

Consciousness, STM

Back 30

Short-Term Memory view of Consciousness: What is in the mind momentarily?

-Limited to seven "chunks."
-Chunks are units of info.
-Like Freud, consciousness is very limited.

Front 31

Funder's 5th Law

Back 31

The purpose of education is to assemble new chunks.

Front 32

Damasio: Three Selves

Back 32

Inverted pyramid.
(Top) Autobiographical Self: Coherent picture of our history; narrative with past and anticipated future; medial prefrontal regions.

(Middle) Core Self: Interaction of organism with object; dialogue between brain stem and cerebral cortex; sense of here and now devoid of historical perspective; awareness of the moment

(Bottom) Proto Self: Basic sense of having a body; brain stem; feeling of existing; without it we can not be conscious

Front 33

Unconscious Thoughts

Back 33

We do things without knowing why much of the time

Zajonc = We prefer objects that we have seen subliminally

Subliminal presentation of affective sentences affects emotion

“Mommy and I are one”


Remember LeDoux

Consciousness emerges from unconscious biological
processes

Front 34

Dual Process Models

Back 34

There are simultaneous mental processes. Conscious thought is slower.

Front 35

Seymour Epstein's CEST

Back 35

Cognitive-experiential self-theory.

Rational system (new evolutionarily) for language, logic, knowledge. Resembles Freud's secondary process thinking.

Experiential (older, closer to animals and prehuman ancestors) tied to emotion. Resembles Freud's primary process thinking.

Front 36

Goals, Idiographic, Misc.

Back 36

Ends ppl desire.

Idiographic - unique to the ppl who pursue them.

Need both implicit and explicit goals for happiness.

Goals function independently.

Front 37

Nomothetic goals, Examples

Back 37

Essential ends that most ppl desire.

McClelland’s three primary motivations: needs for achievement, affiliation, and power

Emmon’s five: enjoyment, self-assertion, esteem, interpersonal success, avoidance of negative affect

Two: work and social interaction

Front 38

Circumplex

Back 38

Top: Self-Transcendence

Left: Extrinsic | Right: Intrinsic

Bottom: Physical Self

Front 39

Judgment & Development Goals

Back 39

J - seek to validate a quality.

D - seek to improve a quality.

Development minded ppl try again (mastery oriented behavior) after failure.

J related to entity theory, the view of the world/things w/o changeable parts.

D related to incremental.

Front 40

Emotions vs. Mood

Back 40

Emotion - complex feeling-state involving conscious experience, internal and overt physical responses influencing behavior.

Emotions are procedural knowledge, like bike-riding, its meaning is in action and experience -- not words.

Mood is a more diffuse, mild, and longer-lasting emotional episode.

Front 41

Emotional Circumplex

Back 41

Top: Aroused

Left: Negative | Right: Positive

Bottom: Unaroused

X
Alarmed | Excited
Bored | Serene

Front 42

5 Basic Emotions

Back 42

Anger
Sadness
Hope
Anxiety
Guilt

Front 43

Broaden-and-Build

Back 43

Happy ppl use sitch as foundation, not something that needs to be fixed.

Use 4 resources:
Physical
Social
Intellectual
Psychological

Front 44

William James: The Two Selves

Back 44

"I" is the watcher or the light that reveals.
"Me" is the content or what shows up in the light.

Front 45

Culture Bits

Back 45

50% of US describe acq with traits. Only 20% of Indians.

US have more emotional experiences.

Japanese more collectivist.

Front 46

Declarative vs. Procedural Self

Back 46

D - facts
P - actions/style. Includes *relational and *implicit elements.

Front 47

Self-Reference & Memory

Back 47

LT memory is enhanced by relating info to self.

Front 48

Torry Higgins 3 Self Schemas

Back 48

Actual
Ideal
Ought

Front 49

Ideal & Ought, Depression & Anxiety

Back 49

If ideal (chase reward) failure = depression = disappointment.

If ought (avoid punishment) failure = anxiety = fear.

Front 50

Procedural Self

Back 50

Implicit - not conscious

Relational - how you are with ppl in ur life.

IAT - Implicit Assoc Test

High self-esteem - more assoc of "good" and "me". Weakly related to declarative.

Shyness - Declarative and procedural are opposite.

Front 51

Personality Disorders, Defining Them (5)

Back 51

1. Problematic (Indy)
2. Unusual
3. Social Impairment (Relat)
4. Stable (Axis 1 episodic)
5. Often Ego-Syntonic (nothing wrong perceived) vs. Dystonic

Front 52

Axis

Back 52

I - pathologies
II - personality
III - physical
IV - environmental
V - functioning overall

[One path, a person, walks, outside, works.]

Front 53

Clusters A, B, C

Back 53

Cluster A: Oddity and eccentric behaviors

- Paranoid
- Schizoid
- Schizotypal

Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, erratic

- Histrionic
- Narcissistic
- Borderline
- Antisocial

Cluster C: Anxious and fearful

- Avoidant
- Dependent
- Obsessive-compulsive

Front 54

Cluster A: Odd/Eccentric

Back 54

Paranoid - suspicious, disloyalty, women prevalent.

Schizoid - socially disinterested, equally prevalent.

Schizotypal - theories, superstitious, strange ideas, socially awk. Male prevalent.
-Related to schizophrenia: genetics, eye-tracking deficits, cog/attn def.

Front 55

Cluster B: Drama, emotion.

Back 55

Histrionic - attn seeking, sexual, opinionated, shallow.

Narcissistic - self-love, unrealistic goals, "special" friends, need lots of admiration (fragile), ego syntonic.

Borderline - instable, mood shifts, anger, self-hurting.
-75% female.
-Assoc with abuse.
-Comorbid Axis I
-5-HTTLPR allele
-Dialectical Behavior Therapy (mindfulness, emotion reg, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness)

Front 56

Cluster B (cont).

Back 56

Antisocial - reckless, impulsive, starts in childhood.
-Like Psychopathy, but P has lack of remorse.
-70-80% inmates Antisocial
-25% Psychopaths, major indicator of recidivism

Front 57

Cluster C: Anxious, Fearful

Back 57

Avoidant - introverted, fear, need reassurance, but want to be with ppl.

Dependent - Lack motivation, needy, don't initiate, no self-confidence.

OCPD - perfectionism at sake of rationality, rules, stubborn. Most common. Responds to antidep. Unlike OCD, it is ego-syntonic.