Personality Cont.; Race & Ethnicity; Social Class & Poverty; Relational Influences

Front 1

Personality Data for Structuring Counseling

Sessions

Back 1

*Those with high score on neuroticism may have chronic problems in making life decisions and may need more individual sessions than typical for career counseling.

*Those who score low on conscientiousness may not do homework or be consistent in keeping their appointments.

Front 2

Early Interventions

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Helping children and adolescents increase emotionally stability, conscientiousness, extraversion, openness, and agreeableness might help them find their niche in the work world and grow their personalities and have overall life satisfaction.

Front 3

Openness

Back 3

*Those with higher openness are attracted to Investigative and Artistic occupations that allow for creativity, intellectual stimulation, and autonomy

*Those less open may prefer conventional work that include concrete work tasks.

Front 4

Neuroticism and its Influence on Decision-Making

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1. Focusing on the negative aspects of themselves, their choices, and environments and

2. Using various avoidance strategies to cope with the anxiety and other negative feelings of their neuroticism

Front 5

Conscienctiousness

Back 5

1. Achievement orientation (goal directed, hardworking, persistent)

2. Dependability (responsible and self-disciplined)

3. Orderliness (planful and organized)

Conscientious people think before acting and are often cautious and deliberate.

Low on Conscientiousness--procrastinate, lack ambition, less reliable, easily discouraged

Front 6

Role of Race and Ethnicity

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1. Dominant US culture--self is independent individual w autonomous decisions

2. Collectivist Cultures--self is interdependent with others (family, clan)/ achieve group goals

3. Client's caught between family/clan culture and US culture they live in

4. Counselor needs to understand their own sense of self in order not to impose on clients

Front 7

Acculturation

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*For the most part acculturation does impact career development (e.g., Strongly Asian Americans choose careers that benefit the collectivism culture, and chose typical careers in engineering or science, but Asian Americans who are strongly acculturated to Western culture chose careers less typical than Asian Americans with strong Asian culture)

Front 8

Emic Versus Etic Analysis

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Emic: To analyze a culture from the perspective of one who lives within that culture

Etic: To analyze a culture from the perspective of one who does not live within that culture

(p. 238)

Front 9

Social Learning Theory and Social Cognitive Career Theory Account for Influence of Social Factors

Back 9

Vondracek and colleagues theory, Social Learning Theory and SCCT are constructed to take into account sex, racial/ethnic, socioeconomic status, support from family, peers, teachers and others as well as other cultural factors. Holland, TWA, Developmental Theories are designed for White, Middle Class, Male populations, though there have been some revisions to the earliest models. Career Construction Theory allows for racial/ethnic, relational support factors, but does not factor in SES factors. Relational support increases self-efficacy and positive outcome expectations.

Front 10

Outsourcing, Globalization, and Global Recession

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Overlooked in Career Theory but relevant to Career Counseling

Career counselors need to integrate knowledge and perspectives outside the realm of theory

Front 11

Social Class Worldview Model

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Classism is defined as prejudice and discrimination directed at people engaged in behaviors not congruent with the values and expectations of their economic culture.

* Upward (negative feelings toward wealthy and elite)

*Downward (negative feeling to those worse off)

*Laterally (directed a those similar--keeping up with the Joneses)

*Internally (negative feelings and beliefs about self due to not meeting demands of culture)

Front 12

Relationships Impact Career Development

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*The impact can be positive or be a barrier to success.

*Children through Young Adulthood: Parental support and praise can override intellectual/academic ability to foster school engagement and career interest

*Teachers: can enhance motivation, achievement and school engagement

*Peers: those with positive attitudes about school helps others identify positively with school. Also enhances belonging.

*Mentors: work experience for adolescents; college females entering male dominated fields

Front 13

Interpersonal Violence

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*Domestic violence witnessed or experienced

*Bullying in school or workplace

*Discrimination

*Microaggressions

*Teaching domestic violence survivors to develop a critical perspective on oppression helping to reduce self-blame augments career interventions

*Career Counselors can provide education and social skills, and encourage advocacy to combat interpersonal violence

Front 14

Practical Implications: Local and Federal Laws

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Career Counselors need to be aware of how laws impact family leave policies, workplace discrimination, and bullying.

Front 15

Choices Program

Back 15

A culturally relevant responsive classroom intervention.

Designed to help Latino youth learn about social barriers to academic and career progress and build student efficacy in responding well to peer pressure.